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BOOKBINDING 

FOR   BEGINNERS 


By  FLORENCE  O.  BEAN 

Assistant  in  Manual  Arts 
Boston  Public  Schools 


JOHN  C.  BRODHEAD 

Assistant  Superintendent 

Boston  Public  Schools 

Collaborating 


SECOND  EDITION 


PUBLISHED   BY 

THE  DAVIS  PRESS 

Worcester,  Mass. 
1918 


LIBRARf 
SCHOOL 


Copyright  1914 
School  Arts  Publishing  Company 


Second  Edition 

Copyright  1918 

The  Davis  Press 


INTRODUCTION 

npHE  present  day  demand  for  industrial  education  has 
A  had  the  effect  of  somewhat  discrediting  the  more 
formal  manual  training  commonly  found  in  the  upper  ele- 
mentary grades  and  early  high  school  years.  This  work  is 
usually  conducted  in  special  shops  and  by  special  teachers, 
and  the  question  is  being  raised  whether,  with  all  these  ad- 
vantages, more  vital  results  might  not  be  attained. 

Whether  these  criticisms  are  justified  or  not,  the  present 
interest  in  industrial  education  is  strengthening  the  demand 
for  more  effective  construction  work  in  grades  four,  five  and 
six.  It  is  a  growing  conviction  that  there  must  be  laid,  in 
the  earlier  grades,  a  strong  foundation  on  which  to  build  a 
practical  education  in  the  later  grades  whether  directed 
toward  industrial,  commercial  or  professional  life. 

The  appearance  of  this  book,  therefore,  is  timely  be- 
cause it  outlines  a  course  suitable  for  grades  five  and  six 
which  stimulates  constructive  activities  and  develops  in- 
dustrial intelligence.  It  should  be  noted  that  its  industrial 
significance  is  much  wider  than  its  title,  "Bookbinding  for 
Beginners,"  would  indicate,  as  even  a  hasty  examination  of 
the  book  will  show,  and  also  that  it  is  so  planned  that  it 
may  be  used  successfully  in  schools  where  special  teachers 
and  expensive  equipments  are  impossible. 

The  book  is  different  from,  and,  I  believe,  superior  to 
others  of  its  kind  for  the  following  reasons : 

First,  because  the  projects  it  presents,  the  methods 
it  advises,  and  the  results  it  anticipates  have  all  been  worked 
out  by  actual  experience  with  thousands  of  boys  and  under 
conditions  which  may  be  duplicated  in  almost  any  school- 
room.    The  author's  personal  experience  with  the  problems 


w-»  *-» 


4  BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 

incident  to  the  giving  of  manual  training  by  the  grade 
teacher  includes  that  which  she  gained  as  a  successful  grade 
teacher  herself,  supplemented  by  some  years  of  supervisory 
work  in  a  large  city  system.  She  is  therefore  conversant 
with  every  possible  phase  of  the  school  problem. 

Second,  because  the  methods  of  instruction  which  the 
book  employs  are  such  as  to  develop  in  the  pupils  the  very 
qualities  which  are  the  surest  foundation  for  subsequent 
success  in  manual  or  mental  work  of  any  kind,  namely 
initiative  and  originality  combined  with  intelligent,  logical, 
careful  attention  to  details. 

Third,  because  it  gives  the  teacher  just  the  help  needed 
to  save  her  from  all  unnecessary  work  in  securing  and  han- 
dling suitable  material,  in  stimulating  the  pupils  to  intensive 
activity  and  self-expression,  and  in  judging  or  measuring 
the  results  of  her  work,  without  relieving  her  of  the  necessity 
of  intelligent  effort  on  her  part.  It  thus  gives  the  over- 
burdened teacher  the  maximum  help,  and  the  specially  in- 
terested, the  maximum  opportunity  for  original  supple- 
mentary work. 

For  the  above  reasons  I  confidently  recommend  the 
volume  to  the  attention  of  all  who  are  seeking  to  introduce 
an  inexpensive  but  effective  form  of  manual  training  into 
the  middle  grades  of  the  elementary  schools. 

Frank  M.  Leavitt 

Associate  Professor,  Industrial  Education. 
University  of  Chicago. 


FOREWORD 

/TVHE  growing  demand  for  various  forms  of  manual  train- 
A  ing  in  the  lower  elementary  grades  has  led  to  the  pub- 
lication of  this  little  volume  of  "problems  in'  elementary 
bookbinding, "  based  on  the  work  done  in  the  fifth  grade  of 
the  Boston  public  schools,  where  their  practicability  has 
been  fully  demonstrated.  Some  of  the  most  valuable  sug- 
gestions have  been  obtained  from  the  teachers  and  are  an 
outgrowth  of  their  classroom  experience.  Nothing  is  here 
presented  which  is  simply  theoretical. 

To  Mr.  John  C.  Brodhead,  a  deep  appreciation  of  his 
keen  criticism,  his  helpful  suggestions,  and  his  never-failing 
interest  cannot  be  too  strongly  expressed.  For  their  valued 
suggestions,  thanks  are  due  the  teachers  of  Boston  whose 
efficient  labors  have  insured  the  success  of  the  course.  Ac- 
knowledgment is  also  made  of  indebtedness  to  the  Sloyd 
Training  School  for  material,  and  to  Miss  Helen  E.  Cleaves 
and  Mr.  Ludwig  Frank  for  their  interest  and  assistance  in 
the  details  pertaining  to  design. 

The  Author. 


BOOKBINDING 
FOR  BEGINNERS 


A  MONG  the  various  materials  which  lend  themselves 
*-  readily  to  a  manual  training  course  with  large  classes 
are  those  of  the  bookbinders'  craft.  They  are  inexpensive, 
easily  handled,  and  require  no  tools  or  equipment  that  can- 
not be  used  in  an  ordinary  classroom.  The  operations 
necessary  in  the  use  of  these  materials  not  only  give  excellent 
training  in  manual  dexterity,  but  present  remarkable  oppor- 
tunities for  the  practical  application  of  studies  in  proportion, 
space  division,  color,  lettering  and  applied  design.  The  craft 
itself  is  one  that  comes  in  touch  with  everyday  life  and  any 
skill  acquired  in  the  use  of  these  materials  is  of  permanent 
value. 

The  lessons  to  be  outlined  in  the  following  series  pre- 
suppose some  instruction  in  paper-folding,  cardboard  con- 
struction, and  simple  mechanical  drawing.  Though  desir- 
able, this  is  not  essential.  While  in  some  ways  better  suited 
to  the  middle  grades  of  the  elementary  schools,  selection 
may  be  made  from  the  lessons  here  outlined  which  will  give 
excellent  training  to  the  upper  grades  in  those  schools  where 
the  curriculum  does  not  include  shop-work,  cooking,  or 
sewing. 

To  secure  this  flexibility  of  the  course,  each  problem 
is  outlined  in  several  ways,  with  varying  degrees  of  difficulty. 
The  selection  should  depend  upon  the  grade  in  which  it  is 
to  be  given.  Some  of  the  more  dexterous  pupils  may  be 
able  to  work  out  a  problem  in  several  ways. 


8  BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 

In  each  lesson  outlined,  there  is  a  chance  for  the  exercise 
of  individuality  in  the  details  of  the  model  as  to  size,  shape, 
decoration,  and  color.  Concerning  choice  of  material,  it 
seems  wiser  that  this  should  be  exercised  by  the  teacher  or 
supervisor  rather  than  by  the  pupil. 

The  object  of  the  course  is  educational,  not  industrial, 
therefore,  those  methods  which  stimulate  inventiveness, 
ability  to  plan  simple  work,  and  dependence  on  one's  own 
initiative  are  most  desirable. 

The  directions  given  under  each  problem  have  been  so 
worded  that  they  call  for  the  greatest  amount  of  thought  and 
initiative  on  the  part  of  the  worker.  The  use  of  such  instruc- 
tion develops  power  to  think,  to  plan  constructive  work  and 
to  carry  it  to  completion.  At  first,  it  may  be  necessary  for 
the  teacher  to  elaborate  some  points  especially  in  connection 
with  the  working  drawings  or  sketches,  but  after  a  little 
training,  each  pupil  should  be  able  to  lay  out  and  cut  all 
parts  from  his  own  drawings;  as  the  work  progresses,  he 
should  depend  less  and  less  upon  the  teacher's  assistance 
in  making  his  plans. 

High  standards  of  work  and  correct  processes  should 
always  be  set  before  the  pupil,  and  these  are  best  assured  by 
the  teacher  becoming  thoroughly  conversant  not  only  with 
the  general  construction  of  an  article  to  be  made,  but  with 
the  best  methods  of  securing  neat  and  accurate  results. 
Eventually,  the  pupil's  mental  attainments  will  show  in  the 
tangible  work  of  his  hands. 

Two  hours  each  week  for  one  school  year  may  profitably 
be  devoted  to  this  work.  In  the  upper  grades  some  of  the 
easier  problems  should  be  omitted,  and  more  time  devoted 
to  actually  bookbinding,  introducing  as  much  variety  as 
time  and  materials  will  allow. 


EQUIPMENT 

This  equipment  is  sufficient  for  the  whole  course  and 
should  last  for  several  years.  A  strong  wooden  box  with 
compartments  insures  an  orderly  arrangement  of  tools  and 
prevents  breakage.  Several  rooms  may  use  one  equipment 
and  by  means  of  the  box,  transportation  is  greatly  facili- 
tated. Some  system  of  distributing  and  collecting  material 
should  be  devised,  and  not  more  than  five  minutes  con- 
sumed in  making  preparations  for  work. 

One  for  each  pupil 
Rule 

Pr.  6-inch  Scissors 
Pencil,  medium 
Tapestry  Needle,  Xo.  17 
Wooden  Triangle,  45°,  7-inch 

For  class  use,  the  number  to  be  governed  by  the  way  in  which  they  are 
to  be  used,  by  the  amount  of  money  to  be  expended.  For  twenty-five 
pupils,  12  paste-brushes  and  5  punches  answer  very  well. 

Paste-brushes  1  inch  flat 

Eyelet  Punches 

One  of  each  helpful,  but  not  necessary 
Paper  Cutter,  12  inch  to  15  inch 
Straight  Edge 
Large  Shears 


MATERIALS 

The  materials  necessary  for  this  course  may  be  pur- 
chased from  any  of  the  large  school  supply  houses,  or  from 
dealers  in  bookbinders'  supplies.  Before  an  order  is  given, 
it  is  recommended  that  the  materials  be  seen,  at  least  in 
sample,  as  names  sometimes  vary  in  different  commercial 
houses.  The  sizes  and  prices  are  also  liable  to  variation. 
In  selecting  colored  papers,  avoid  brilliant  hues,  and  choose 
soft  colors. 

Approximate 
For  Stiff  Foundation  size 

Newsboard  26"  x  38" 

Newsboard  is  in  reality  a  box  board,  and  differs  from  binders'  board 
in  the  quality  of  the  fibre.  But  for  such  articles  as  are  described  in 
this  course,  it  is  the  more  satisfactory  of  the  two.  Both  newsboard 
and  binders'  board  are  sold  in  bundles  each  weighing  50  lbs.  The 
board  is  numbered  according  to  the  number  of  sheets  in  the  bundle. 
Thus  No.  50  means  that  the  bundle  contains  50  sheets.  Board  of 
this  number  is  light  in  weight,  easily  handled  by  small  children,  and 
is  well  suited  to  the  articles  here  described.  Most  book  covers  are 
made  of  No.  30  (30  sheets  to  the  bundle),  which  is  twice  as  thick  as 
Xo.  60.  The  sheets  of  newsboard  are  rather  large  to  be  handled  con- 
veniently. If  desired,  they  will  be  cut  in  quarters  by  the  dealer  at 
slight  expense. 

For  Covering  Foundation 

Vellum  de  luxe  38"  wide 

Vellum  de  luxe  is  a  sized  and  tinted  cloth  of  an  inexpensive  grade  of 
cotton,  which  is  quite  suitable  for  the  purposes  of  this  course.  If 
material  of  a  higher  grade  is  desired,  art  canvas,  art  vellum,  etc., 
may  be  purchased.  These  come  in  a  great  variety  of  colors.  It 
is  better  to  use  but  one  color  in  the  class  for  economy's  sake,  but, 
if  this  is  not  to  be  considered,  different  articles  may  be  of  differ- 
ent colors.  Choose  quiet  colors  such  as  "old  blue,"  "dull  green," 
"deep  red." 
Cover  Paper  (light  weight)  22"  x  28" 


MATERIALS 


11 


Wall  Paper 

By  observing  a  harmony  of  coloring  between  paper  and  vellum  some 
beautiful  results  may  be  obtained.  If  one  is  fortunate  enough  to  secure 
a  "sample  book"  there  is  a  chance  for  great  variety.  If  it  must  be 
purchased  outright  two  or  three  well  chosen  patterns  will  suffice. 


For  Lining 


Marbled  Paper 
Bark  wove  Paper 


Approximate 
size 

20" x  25" 
24" x  36" 


For  Limp  Covers 
Screenings 
Cover  Paper 
Kraft  Paper 
Drawing  Paper  (gray) 
Red  Rope  manila 
Oak  tag  stock 
Tough  check 


24" x  36" 

22" x  36" 
24" x  36" 
9"  x  12" 
24" x  36" 
9"x  12" 
22" x  28" 


For  Inside 

Page  Paper 
Page  Paper 

Drawing  Paper  (white) 
Drawing  Paper  (gray) 
Drawing  Paper  (man.) 
Newspaper  (white) 


17" x  22" 
8^"xll" 
9"  x  12" 
9"x  12" 
9"x  12" 
6"  x  9" 


For  Stitching  and  Sewing 

Linen  Thread 

Silk 

Raffia  (plain) 

Raffia  (colored) 


Paste 


40  yds.  to  skein 
4  yds.  to  skein 
4  oz.  package 
4  oz.  package 


Most  of  the  various  pastes  on  the  market  serve  very  well  the  needs 
of  these  problems.  A  far  less  expensive  and  quite  as  satisfactory  a 
paste  may  be  made  from  wheat  or  rice  flour  provided  one  has  the  sim- 
plest facilities  for  boiling.  Take  two  tablespoonfuls  of  flour  and  wet 
with  warm  water.  Over  this  pour  one  pint  of  loilirg  water  and  boil 
three  minutes.  J^  teaspoonful  of  powdered  alum  added  to  this  will  keep 
it  sweet  for  some  time.  If  an  extra  strong  paste  is  desired  a  small 
quantity  of  glue  may  be  added  to  the  paste  while  it  is  still  hot.  If  solid 
glue  is  used  this  should  first  be  dissolved  in    hot    water. 


12 


BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 


Accessories 

Eyelets  2")0  in  box 

Purchase  eyelets  of  1  lie  same  make  as  the  eyelet  punch  (see  list  of 
equipment),  since  those  of  a  different  make  are  not  always  an  exact 
fit. 

Macreme  cord  8  oz.  ball 

Tape  (white)  4  yds.  in  a  piece 

Tape  (colored)  10  yds.  in  a  piece 

Stay  Tape  (cloth)  %"  wide 


(paper) 
(cloth) 
(paper) 
(cloth) 
(paper) 

Super 

Bookbinder's  Twine 

Head  Bands 


1" 
1" 

IX' 

IK" 

1  yd.  wide 
V2  lb.  ball 
Different  widths 


Gummed  Tissue 


Roll  or  Envelope  of 
5  or  6  vds. 


Problem  I 
BOOKLET 

Time:     4  hours. 

Materials:     For  the  inside,  any  of  the  paper  so  listed. 

For  the  cover,  any  of  the  paper  so  listed. 

For  stitching*  any  material  so  listed. 

The  simplest  form  of  a  book  consits  of  a  cover  and 
inside  sheets  in  a  single  fold,  sewed  through  the  center. 
Choose  materials  from  the  lists  given. 

Three  definite  methods  of  working  out  this  problem 
are  here  outlined,  arranged  in  the  order  of  their  difficulty. 
Other  combinations  will  suggest  themselves. 

Method  A.  First  determine  the  purpose  for  which  the 
booklet  is  to  be  used,  and  decide  on  shape  and  size  of  page 
best  suited  to  this  purpose.  If  for  spelling  or  pocket  memo- 
randa, it  may  be  long  and  narrow;  if  for  language  a  larger 
page  is  desirable ;  or  if  for  map  work,  the  size  and  shape  of 
the  maps  should  be  considered.  Take  any  sheet  of  paper  and 
experiment  in  folding  to  obtain  satisfactory  size  and  pro- 
portions. 

A  single  sheet  of  paper  folded  through  the  center  is  called 
a  folio.  This  sheet  will  be  twice  the  width  of  a  page  and  of 
the  same  length.  (Commercially,  a  folio  is  made  from  paper 
varying  from  22  x  16  to  44  x  32.  Therefore,  books  to  which 
this  term  is  applied  are  generally  of  large  size.) 

With  pencil  and  rule  draw  a  plan  of  the  open  folio  and 
properly  dimension  the  drawing.     (See  Plate  I.) 

If  there  has  been  no  previous  training  in  simple  mechan- 
ical drawing,  the  use  of  extension  and  dimension  lines,  arrow 
heads,  and  the  proper  placing  of  figures  should  be  explained. 
If  some  proficiency  in  this  kind  of  drawing  has  been  acquired, 
a  freehand  sketch  may  take  the  place  of  an  accurate  drawing. 


14 


BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 


Plate  I.     Accurate  working  drawings  and  freehand  sketches 
such  as  children  should  produce  before  making  the  booklet. 

Plate  II  shows  some  of  the  line  conventions  used  in  making 
a  working  drawing. 

In  the  same  manner  as  for  the  pages,  draw  a  plan  of  the 
cover,  which  should  project  beyond  the  pages  from  }/%  to  34 


CONVENTIONS    FOR  WORKING    DRAWINGS, 


II- 


CONSTRUCTION    LINES 
OUTLINES    OF  OBJECT 


-     FOLDING    LINES 
EXTENSION    LINES 
DIMENSION    LINES 


Plate  II.     Line  Conventions. 


BOOKLET 


15 


of  an  inch.     Lay  out  and  cut  the  cover  and  one  sheet  for  the 
inside,  keeping  carefully  on  the  lines. 

Having  cut  one  sheet  of  the  inside,  lay  the  sheet  on  as 
many  pieces  of  the  paper  as  are  needed,  (from  three  to  seven 
make  a  booklet  of  desirable  thickness) ;  then  make  a  hole 
with  a  pin  or  needle  at  each  corner,  piercing  all  at  one  time. 
On  each  sheet  draw  the  four  sides,  using  rule  and  pencil. 
This  is  easier  than  to  measure  each  one.  The  folded 

sheets  should  be  placed  one  inside  the  other  to  form  the 


Plate  III.     Sketches  illustrating  a  simple  method  of  stitching  a  booklet. 


inside  of  the  booklet,  and  the  whole  placed  inside  the  folded 
cover,  with  the  edges  of  the  cover  projecting  slightly. 

With  a  needle  make  a  hole  through  the  center  of  the 
fold,  and  another  near  each  end  of  the  fold  (from  one-half  an 
inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  from  the  end)  according  to  the 
size  of  the  booklet,  as  shown  in  Plate  III.  With  thread  or 
raffia  sew  through  the  center  hole,  from  the  inside  out,  back 
to  the  inside  through  an  end  hole,  outside  through  the  center 
hole,  inside  through  the  other  end  hole,  and  tie  the  ends  in  a 
square  knot  (see  illustration,  Plate  IV)  near  the  center  of 
the  fold.  Other  equally  satisfactory  methods  of  sewing  nun- 
be  worked  out. 

B.  Determine  the  purpose  of  the  booklet  first  and  then 
its  size  and  shape.     As  in  A  draw  plans  of  the   inside  and 


1()  BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 

cover.     With  rule  and  pencil  lay  out  parts  on  materials  to  be 
used.     Cut  and  sew  as  in  A. 

Simple  lettering  on  the  cover  adds  much  to  the  appear- 
ance of  the  booklet.  Choose  a  title  appropriate  to  its  con- 
templated use,  as  "Notes,"  "Sketches,"  etc.,  which 
should  be  executed  in  rather  large  Roman  capitals.  On  a 
separate  sheet,  mark  out  an  oblong  of  height  and  width 
desired  for  the  title  and  practise  on  this.  If  title  is  long, 
make  letters  narrow,  if  short,  letters  may  be  broadened,  to 
fill  up  more  space.  When  satisfactory  results  are  obtained, 
cut  out  and  place  on  the  cover,  moving  up  and  down  to 


Plate  IV.     The  position  of  the  threads 
in  tying  a  square  knot. 

determine  its  best  position.  The  base  line  of  the  title 
should  be  placed  below  the  top  at  one-fifth  to  one-quarter  of 
the  entire  distance  from  the  top  to  the  bottom  of  the  cover. 
After  the  position  is  determined,  the  title  should  be  trans- 
ferred either  by  tracing  or  copying.  The  pupil's  name  in 
much  smaller  capitals  should  be  worked  out  in  the  same  man- 
ner and  placed  below  the  center  with  a  somewhat  wider  mar- 
gin at  the  base  than  at  the  top.  Do  not  enclose  the  title  in 
an  oblong  or  other  figure.  A  single  or  double  line  as  a 
border  around  the  cover  looks  well,  if  carefully  done.  (See 
illustration,  Plate  V.) 

C.  For  the  cover  use  gray  drawing  paper,  tinted,  other 
materials  as  desired. 

Draw  plans  as  in  A  and  B.  A  larger  surface  than  re- 
quired for  the  cover  should  be  tinted  before  it  is  marked  out, 


BOOKLET 


17 


so  that  any  streaking  along  the  edge  may  be  cut  off.  To  mix 
a  wash  of  the  color  selected,  put  two  or  three  tablespoonfuls 
of  water  in  the  water-cup  and  add  a  little  paint  until  the 
desired  tone  is  produced,  being  quite  sure  to  have  enough 


Plate    V.      The  simplest  possible  designs  for  book 
covers,  involving  good  spacing  and  careful  lettering. 


to  cover  the  whole  surface.  Try  to  have  the  wash  clean,  not 
muddy,  and  beware  of  too  much  paint!  The  colors  should 
be  soft,  not  crude,  and  somewhat  neutralized  by  the  addition 
of  the  complementary  color.  The  best  results  are  produced 
by  the  use  of  green,  pale  yellow,  brown,  dull  orange,  and  red. 
Blue  is  very  likely  to  streak  and  is  seldom  satisfactory. 


18  BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 

When  ready  to  apply  the  wash,  place  the  paper  on  an 
inclined  surface — 45°  or  more  from  the  horizontal.  A  sheet 
of  heavy  cardboard  or  a  book  answers  this  purpose  admir- 
ably. With  a  full  brush  make  a  horizontal  stroke  across  the 
top  of  the  paper.  The  second  stroke  should  be  just  below 
this  leaving  no  dry  spots  between.  Being  careful  to  keep  the 
brush  full  of  paint,  continue  in  this  manner  until  the  entire 
surface  is  covered.  The  surplus  amount  of  paint  which  will 
settle  along  the  lower  edge  should  be  taken  up  with  the  brush, 
which  has  first  been  squeezed  dry  between  the  thumb  and 
finger.  When  the  paper  is  dry,  mark  out  the  cover  and  cut. 
Cut  out  the  leaves  and  sew  as  in  A.  The  cover  may  be 
lettered  as  in  B. 

Scrap  Book 

A.  This  form  of  book  is  excellent  for  a  thin  scrap 
book.  The  pages  may  be  of  any  size  but  if  definite  ideas 
are  lacking  it  is  advised  that  the  size  of  an  ordinary  magazine 
be  taken  as  a  basis.  Wrapping  paper  may  be  used  for 
both  leaves  and  cover. 

B.  Sometimes  it  is  desirable  to  take  two  or  three 
stories  from  magazines  and  fasten  the  pages  together, 
inclosing  all  in  covers.  Trim  neatly  the  edges  of  such 
leaves  where  they  were  torn  from  the  binding  and  assemble 
them  in  proper  order.  For  each  pair  cut  a  strip  of  thin 
paper  of  exactly  the  same  length  as  the  page  and  say  one 
inch  to  one  inch  and  a  half  in  width.  To  each  of  these 
strips  paste  two  leaves.  When  all  have  been  pasted  and 
dried  assemble  again  and  stitch  through  the  backs  as 
already  shown. 


Problem  II 
A   HOLDER  FOR  THE  PARTS  OF  A  MODEL 

Before  proceeding  further,  some  kind  of  a  permanent 
holder  should  be  provided  to  keep  all  together  the  various 
pieces  of  the  model.  This  prevents  the  confusion  and  loss 
of  time  incident  to  passing  several  kinds  of  materials  each  by 
itself. 


15' 


i 


*t'4 


rife 


to 


16' 


Plate  VI.     Pattern  for  a  simple  envelope. 


20  BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 

One  lesson  might  be  used  for  the  making  of  a  portfolio 
for  this  purpose,  cut  from  screenings  or  heavy  wrapping 
paper,  and  patterned  after  an  envelope,  from  6"  x  9"  to  9" 
x  12"  in  size.  (See  Plate  VI.)  The  contents  are  more 
securely  held  by  providing  some  kind  of  a  fastener.  The 
following  method  is  a  good  one:  In  the  center  of  one  side 
of  the  flap  plan  to  punch  a  hole.  This  should  first  be  re- 
enforced  by  cutting  from  heavy  paper  a  circle  of  ye  to  % 
radius  and  pasting  it  in  the  correct  place.  Through  both 
thicknesses  punch  the  hole.  Into  this  insert  twine,  first 
looping  it  in  the  centre  and  then  passing  both  ends  through 
the  loop.     Use  this  to  tie  the  envelope. 

If  large  pads  of  paper  are  used  in  the  schoolroom, 
their  cardboard  backs  may  be  utilized.  Take  two  of  the 
same  size,  punch  holes  along  three  sides  of  each,  near  the 
edges  and  lace  them  together.  If  one  of  the  long  sides 
of  the  resulting  holder  has  been  left  open,  materials  can 
be  removed  with  greater  ease  than  if  a  short  side  is  so  used. 
A  set  of  holders  thus  made  is  very  durable. 

New  paper  bags  make  good  holders  although  less 
desirable  than  either  of  the  other  two. 


Problem  III 
MOUNTS  AND  PADS 

Time:     6  hours. 

Materials:     Newsboard,  vellum,  and  paper  for  memorandum  pad,  or  cal- 
endar, or  pad  to  be  mounted. 

We  shall  now  begin  to  deal  with  materials  that  are 
more  exclusively  employed  in  bookbinding  work.  The 
simple  articles  considered  at  first  are  not  books ;  but  because 
the  processes  involved  and  the  materials  used  will  be  used 
later  in  the  more  difficult  work  of  binding  a  real  book,  they 
are  made  a  part  of  this  course. 

The  wise  teacher  will  become  somewhat  familiar  with 
handling  the  required  materials  before  attempting  to  give 
instruction,  It  is  recommended  that  two  or  more  models 
from  each  problem  be  made  by  the  teacher  before  selecting 
one  for  the  class. 

The  articles  described  in  Problem  III  (See  Plate  VII) 
consist  of  a  foundation  of  a  single  piece  of  newsboard,  covered 
back  and  front  with  a  bookbinding  cloth. 

A.     Mount  of  a  Calendar  or  Picture 

First  secure  the  article  to  be  mounted  and  then  deter- 
mine the  size  and  shape  most  desirable  for  the  mount.  Never 
make  the  mount  first  and  then  attempt  to  find  something  to 
fit  it. 

To  determine  the  size  of  the  mount,  place  the  calendar 
or  picture  on  a  sheet  of  paper  and  find  the  most  pleasing 
margins  by  laying  a  pencil  on  each  side  of  the  article.  In- 
crease or  decrease  this  margin  by  moving  the  pencils  back 
and  forth  until  a  satisfactory  position  is  found,  as  shown  in 
Plate  VIII.     Indicate  this  position  by  a  line  on  each  side. 


99 


BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 


In  the  same  manner,  establish  top  and  bottom  margins- 
The  margin  at  the  top  may  equal  that  at  the  side,  or  be  a 
trifle  wider  or  narrower;1  the  one  at  the  bottom  may  equal 
the   side   margins   or   be   wider,   but   never   narrower,   and 


Plate  VII.     Mounts  and  pads  made 
by  children. 

always  greater  than  the  top  margin.  Draw  lines  for  top 
and  bottom  and  the  size  of  the  foundation  is  indicated. 
A  fraction  of  an  inch  may  be  added  or  subtracted  to  give 
even  measurements. 

Working  drawings  should  now  be  made  of  the  com- 
pleted model,  showing  the  location  of  the  calendar,  also  of 
the  front  and  back. 

xIn  a  vertical  sheet,  wider;  in  a  horizontal  sheet,  narrower. 


MOUNTS    AND    PADS 


23 


Make  them  either  accurately  or  freehand  as  described 
in  Problem  I.  If  the  latter  method  is  used,  some  sense  of 
proportion  should  be  observed.  That  is,  do  not  draw  3 
inches  as  long  as  6  inches,  nor  4  inches  longer  than  7  inches. 


Plate  VIII.     Deciding  upon  the  right  size  mount 
for  a  picture  by  experiment  with  pencils. 

The  size  of  the  foundation  has  already  been  determined- 
The  front  covering  should  be  \  ■?  inch  larger  on  each  side  than 
the  foundation,  to  allow  for  laps  which  are  to  fold  onto  the 
back  of  the  newsboard.  The  back  covering  should  be  from 
iV  to  3^8  °f  an  mcn  smaller  than  the  foundation  on  each  side, 
as  the  finished  product  looks  much  neater  if  no  raw  edge  is 
visible  from  the  front. 

In  Plate  IX,  the  first  drawing  is  of  the  face  of  the  com- 
pleted model  showing  the  location  of  the  calendar.  This 
also  shows  the  size  of  the  foundation.  The  other  two  draw- 
ings show  the  size  of  the  two  pieces  of  vellum.  If  the  first 
drawing  seems  too  complicated,  omit   the  location  of  the 


24 


BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 


calendar,  and  draw  and  dimension  only  the   outside    rec- 
tangle to  give  the  size  of  the  foundation. 

The  pieces  of  material  given  out  should  be  a  little  larger 
than  the  finished  size,  although  unnecessary  waste  should  be 
avoided.     No  attempt  should  be  made  to  cut  these  pieces 


-ICQ 


Plate  IX.     The  completed  mount  showing  the  loca- 
tion of  the  calendar,  and  the  two  pieces  of  vellum. 

carefully  or  regularly.  Each  pupil  should  be  led  to  depend  on 
his  own  initiative  in  the  use  of  the  rule  and  triangle .  An  irregu- 
lar edge  which  is  not  a  guide,  is  more  educational  than  straight- 
edges and  right  angles  which  are  of  considerable  assistance. 
With  rule,  triangle,  and  pencil,  carefully  lay  out  each 
part  from  the  drawings  already  made,  and  cut  the  coverings 
with  the  scissors.2     The  foundation  is  more  successfully  cut 

2Selvage  should  never  be  allowed  to  remain  on  a  covering  of  vellum- 
A  "raw  edge"  pastes  down  more  closely  and  is,  therefore,  less  apparent- 
Vellum  tears  very  easily  lengthwise,  and  a  torn  edge  may  be  allowed  if  it 
is  to  be  covered.     If  not  to  be  covered,  all  edges  should  invariably  be  cut. 


MOUNTS    AND    PADS  25 

with  the  paper  cutter,  as  to  cut  it  with  scissors  is  a  very 
difficult  task  for  little  hands  and  likely  to  loosen  the  scissors 
at  the  joint.  The  most  desirable  way  is  for  each  pupil  to 
cut  his  own  newsboard,  in  which  case  the  ruler  fastened  to 
the  cutter  may  be  used  to  insure  the  correct  size  without  any 
preliminary  measuring.  If  the  cutter  is  deemed  unsafe  for 
the  pupils'  use,  the  proper  size  may  be  marked  on  the  news- 
board  with  pencil  and  the  pieces  cut  by  a  large  boy  or  by  the 
teacher. 

When  the  pieces  have  all  been  cut,  place  the  news- 
board  on  the  back  side  of  the  front  piece  of  vellum, 
with  the  margins  equal,  and  draw  around  it.  Cover  the 
surface  inside  the  pencil  lines  with  a  thin,  even  coat  of 
paste. 

Much  of  the  success  of  the  work  depends  on  the  pasting 
and  rubbing.  The  paste  is  of  the  right  consistency  when 
put  up  by  the  dealer,  and  if  it  dries  somewhat  after  being 
opened,  a  little  water  thoroughly  stirred  in  will  make  it  all 
right.  The  brush  well  filled  with  paste  should  be  passed 
over  the  surface  of  the  covering  material  with  long  even 
strokes.  No  dry  spots  should  be  left,  and  especial  pains 
should  be  taken  to  cover  the  surface  close  to  the  pencil 
lines.  Look  across  the  pasted  surface  toward  the  light  to 
see  if  it  is  entirely  covered;  looking  directly  down  upon 
it  does  not  reveal  the  dry  places.  Rub  the  brush  rather 
heavily  over  the  surface  to  make  the  paste  sink  into  the 
cloth. 

While  pasting,  several  sheets  of  newspaper  are  invalu- 
able to  protect  the  desk,  the  model,  and  the  fingers.  With 
a  few  quick  strokes  of  the  card-cutter,  cut  off  the  folds  of  a 
newspaper,  leaving  loose  sheets  the  size  of  half  or  a  quarter 
page.  Each  desk  should  have  several  sheets,  placed  one  on 
top  of  another.  When  the  top  sheet  has  become  sticky, 
discard  it.  A  perfectly  clean  surface  beneath  it  is  ready  to 
be  used  in  the  same  way.     Press  the  newsboard  on  the  pasted 


26  BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 

surface,  turn  it  over,3  and  rub  it  down  very  hard  on  the  right 
side  of  the  vellum.  When  rubbing  the  vellum  on  the  right 
side,  a  small  piece  of  cloth  for  each  pupil  prevents  finger 
marks,  and  enables  the  pupil  to  rub  harder  as  the  cloth  pro- 
tects the  hand. 

Before  pasting  projecting  parts,  the  corners  should  be 
cut.  Two  methods  are  shown  in  the  illustrations.  In  the 
first,  two  adjacent  projections  are  turned  onto  the  back  of 
the  foundation.  Be  careful  that  they  fit  very  closely  to  the 
sides  of  the  newsboard,  press  down  with  the  fingers,  and  hold 


Plate  X.     Clipping  the  corners. 

them  very  firmly.  At  the  corner  will  be  a  surplus  piece 
which  should  be  pinched  to  stand  upright.  Slanting  the 
scissors  very  slightly  upward,  cut  from  the  corner  toward  the 
center.  (See  Plate  X).  The  second  method  is  to  make 
slanting  cuts  from  the  outside  of  the  vellum  toward  the 
corners  of  the  newsboard.  (See  Plate  XI).  Apply  paste  to 
the  projecting  sides,  fold  over  and  rub  down;  treat  the  ends 
in  the  same  manner. 

If  it  is  desired  that  the  completed  mount  shall  hang  on 
the  wall,  make  a  loop  of  ribbon,  tape,  or  vellum.  If  tape  or 
ribbon  is  used,  choose  the  color  very  carefully;  that  which 
matches  the  vellum  is  the  best  choice;  but,  if  a  contrast  is 

3When  turning  over  any  part  of  the  model  which  has  a  pasted  surface, 
take  hold  near  the  center  as  far  as  possible,  as  handling  by  the  edges  or  corners 
is  likely  to  remove  paste  from  the  places  where  it  is  most  needed. 


MOUNTS    AND    PADS 


27 


preferred,  choose  a  soft  color  which  has  some  quality  in  har- 
mony with  the  vellum.  Paste  this  loop  to  the  back  of  the 
foundation,  allowing  it  to  project  above  the  top.  Apply 
paste  to  the  back  covering  and  rub  it  down  very  firmly,  being 
careful  that  no  loose  edges  are  left.  Instead  of  pasting  on  a 
loop,  a  hole  may  be  punched  near  the  top  with  the  eyelet 
punch,  and  an  eyelet  inserted.  This  should  be  done  after 
the  back  is  pasted  on. 

According  to  plan,  paste  on  the  calendar  or  picture. 
Dry  all  under  a  weight.     If  several  mounts  are  to  be  placed 


CUT 


Plate  XI.     One  method  of  cutting  the  corners. 


under  the  same  weight,  it  is  better  that  each  should  be  sepa- 
rated from  the  others  by  a  sheet  of  blotting  paper,  or  several 
thicknesses  of  newspaper.  Allow  them  to  stand  over  night. 
In  the  morning  they  will  be  found  sufficiently  pressed. 

B.     Mount  for  Memorandum  Pad 

Secure  a  small  pad,  and  plan  a  mount  to  extend  beyond 
the  pad  y§  inch  or  more  on  each  side.  Draw  plans,  work  out, 
and  paste  as  in  A.  Instead  of  a  loop  by  which  to  suspend 
the  pad,  make  a  holder  for  a  pencil  to  be  placed  on  the  right 
side  of  the  mount.  Cut  a  strip  of  vellum  one-half  or  three- 
quarters  the  length  of  the  mount.  At  each  end  of  the  strip 
turn  about  %  inch  onto  the  wrong  side  to  give  a  finished 
edge.  To  secure  the  correct  size,  fold  the  strip  over  the 
pencil  to  be  used,  and,  with  the  pencil  still  folded  in,  paste 


28 


BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 


the  two  long  edges  of  the  strip  together,  and  then  to  the  back 
of  the  newsboard,  having  it  placed  midway  between  the 
top  and  bottom  edges.  The  pasting  of  the  back  covering 
then  follows.  Remove  the  cardboard  back  from  the  pad 
before  pasting  it  to  the  mount.     Dry  under  weight. 

C.     Pocket  Memorandum  Pad 
This  is  intended  to  be  carried  in  the  pocket,  and  its  size 
should  be  governed  by  its  use.     Avoid  rectangles  which 


Plate  XII.     A    front    view  of  the  memorandum   pad  accurately 
drawn  to  show  proportions;  also  drawings  of  the  vellum  coverings. 

approximate  the  square,  but  choose  rather  such  proportions 
as  2  x  3  or  2^  x4.  As  in  A,  make  working  drawings  for  the 
three  pieces.  If  desired,  the  first  drawing  may  be  of  the 
completed  face.  (See  Plate  XII.)  Lay  out  and  cut  all 
parts. 

On  the  front  piece  of  vellum  lay  the  newsboard  as  in  A, 
and  draw  around  it.  From  the  corners  indicated  by  the 
pencil  lines  measure  equal  distances  along  adjacent  lines, 
and  connect  the  points  by  straight  lines.  Be  careful  not 
to  make  these  lines  too  near  the  corners,  %  of  an  inch  to  1 
inch  being  a  good  measurement  for  a  small  pad.     Cut  on 


MOUNTS    AND    PADS  29 

these  lines  with  a  sharp  knife,  or  folding  the  ends  of  the  line 
together,  cut  along  the  line  with  scissors. 

Apply  paste  to  the  front  piece,  being  careful  not  to  paste 
outside  the  slanting  lines  at  the  corners,  for  this  space  should 
be  left  free  to  hold  the  sheets  of  paper  One  way  to  protect 
these  corners  is  to  insert  a  piece  of  newsboard  or  paper  in  the 
slits,  from  the  right  side  of  the  vellum,  so  that  the  corners 
on  the  wrong  side  are  covered.  The  paste  may  then  be 
applied  with  freedom.  Remove  the  protecting  piece  of  news- 
board  and  paste  the  vellum  to  the  foundation.  Finish  as  in 
A  without  the  hanger,  or,  if  desired,  add  pencil  holder  as  in 
B.  Cut  several  sheets  of  wThite  paper  x/%  of  an  inch  smaller 
than  the  newsboard,  and,  when  the  paste  is  thoroughly  dry, 
insert  them  in  the  slits. 

D.     Blotter 

Like  C  except  that  it  should  be  large  enough  to  hold  a 
school  blotter.  Increase  the  size  of  the  corners  to  be  pro- 
portionate to  the  size  of  the  blotter. 


Problem  IV 

Time:    8  hours. 

Materials:     Newsboard,  vellum,  and  lining  paper. 

Note:  As  in  Problem  II,  each  of  these  models  has  a  foundation  of  a 
single  piece  of  newsboard,  covered  on  the  front  with  vellum,  but  on  the  back 
with  lining  paper. 

A.     A  Needlecase 

As  shown  at  A  in  Plate  XIII,  the  needlecase  should  be 
planned  to  hold  four  papers  of  needles,  two  at  each  end. 
The  size  of  the  case  will  depend  on  the  size  of  the  papers  of 
needles,  and  must  be  planned  accordingly.  Make  the  width 
a  little  more  than  twice  the  width  of  a  paper  of  needles,  and 
allow  a  little  space  lengthwise  between  the  papers  of  needles 
to  permit  their  easy  removal.  The  pockets  are  formed  of 
strips  of  vellum  pasted  on  to  each  end  of  the  foundation, 
and  their  depth  should  be  a  little  more  than  half  the  length 
of  a  paper  of  needles. 

An  accurate  working  drawing  of  the  completed  case 
should  be  made  (see  Plate  XIV).  From  this,  mark  out  and 
cut  the  newsboard  to  the  correct  size.  The  front  covering  of 
vellum  should  have  laps  on  the  sides  only  and  may  well  be  a 
little  shorter  than  the  foundation.  Make  freehand,  dimen- 
sioned sketches  of  this  piece,  of  the  vellum  pockets,  and  of 
the  marbled  paper.  The  pockets  should  have  x/i  mcn  laPs 
on  three  sides  for  pasting  to  the  back.  On  the  other  edge, 
which  is  to  be  free,  allow  at  least  an  eighth  of  an  inch  to  be 
turned  over  like  a  hem  onto  the  wrong  side  for  a  neat  finish. 
The  paper  for  the  back  should  be  one-fourth  of  an  inch  nar- 
rower and  shorter  than  the  foundation. 

Mark  out  and  cut  with  the  scissors,  the  pieces  of  vellum 
and  marbled  paper.  The  front  covering  should  be  pasted  on 
first.     Before  pasting  the  pockets  (which  should  be  fastened 


CHECKERBOARD 


31 


to  the  back  only)  turn  over  the  hem,  and  crease  it  hard,  but 
do  not  paste.  The  hem  will  extend  onto  the  side  laps.  From 
these  laps  cut  off  the  under  side  of  the  hem  that  it  may  not 


Plate  XIII.  A  needlecase,  a  checkerboard 
and  a  blotter.  Good  problems  upon  which  to 
practise  the  processes  involved  in  bookbinding. 

be  double.     Paste  on  the  pockets  and  the  back.     Dry  all 
under  weight. 

B.     A  Checkerboard 

First  decide  on  the  size  of  the  small  squares,  remember- 
ing that  there  are  eight  in  each  direction.     Also  allow  for  a 


32 


BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 


margin,  outside  the  squares,  which  should  vary  in  propor- 
tion to  the  size  of  the  squares.  A  single  or  double  border 
line  enclosing  the  squares  is  a  desirable  addition.  (See  B, 
Plate  XIII.) 

Make  working  drawings  of  the  foundation,  the  front 
covering  of  vellum,  and  the  back  covering  of  lining  paper. 
In  selecting  vellum  for  this  model,  have  in  mind  the  applica- 


Plate  XIV.    An  accurate  working  drawing  of  the  completed  needle- 
case,  and  dimensioned  sketches  of  the  pieces  used  for  covering. 


tion  of  a  color  which  is  to  be  used  on  alternate  squares. 
Either  a  deep  red  vellum  with  alternate  squares  of  black  or  a 
dull  green  vellum  with  alternate  squares  of  red  is  a  good 
combination. 

Lay  out  and  cut  all  parts,  using  the  card  cutter  for  the 
newsboard,  and  the  scissors  for  the  vellum  and  the  lining 
paper.  As  in  previous  models,  lay  foundation  on  the  back 
of  the  piece  of  vellum,  draw  around  it,  and  cover  with  paste 
the  surface  enclosed  by  the  pencil  lines.     Again  place  the 


BLOTTER  33 

foundation  on  the  vellum,  press  it  down  hard,  turn  over  both 
pieces  and  rub  the  vellum  on  the  right  side  until  it  is  smooth. 
When  thoroughly  rubbed  down,  paste  laps,  being  careful  to 
make  neat  corners.  Paste  on  lining  paper  and  dry  under 
weight. 

During  a  subsequent  lesson,  mark  out  the  checker- 
board, accurately,  with  rule  and  pencil.  Only  alternate 
squares  need  be  colored,  and  this  may  be  done  with  water 
colors,  crayon,  or  pencil.  If  water  colors  are  chosen,  they 
should  be  used  with  as  little  water  as  possible.  Before  apply- 
ing the  paint  to  the  vellum,  the  glaze  of  the  surface  may  be 
reduced  by  rubbing  over  it  the  powder  which  comes  from 
common  white  chalk.  Rub  the  powder  in  with  the  fingers 
and  lightly  brush  off  what  remains.  On  a  separate  piece  of 
vellum,  practice  the  application  of  color  before  applying  it 
to  the  checkerboard,  both  to  test  the  color  itself,  and  to 
become  somewhat  familiar  with  the  best  method  of  applica- 
tion. After  the  paint  is  thoroughly  dry,  the  surface  may  be 
cleaned  by  rubbing  carefully  with  a  piece  of  cloth.  Finish  by 
putting  on  the  outside  border  line  with  pencil. 

C     A  Blotter 

This  is  to  be  a  more  elaborate  production  than  the 
blotter  described  in  Problem  III  (D).  Compare  C,  Plate 
XIII. 

First  determine  the  size  of  the  foundation,  which  may 
vary  from  small-blotter  to  desk-blotter  size.  Consider  pro- 
portions very  carefully.  A  small  blotter  admits  greater 
variance  between  length  and  width  than  one  of  larger  size. 
Make  dimensioned  drawings  of  foundation,  front  covering 
of  vellum  or  cover  paper,  and  back  covering  of  marbled 
paper. 

When  the  foundation  has  been  cut  and  the  front  cover- 
ing pasted  on,  plan  the  corners  which  are  to  consist  of  sepa- 
rate pieces.     Determine  their  size  by  setting  off  a  triangle 


34 


BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 


ill  one  corner  with  a  rule  or  pencil,  moving  the  rule  or  pencil 
to  vary  the  size  of  the  triangle  until  one  of  satisfactory  size 
is  decided  upon.  Lay  out  on  paper  a  triangle  of  the  chosen 
size.  The  thickness  of  the  foundation,  plus  the  thickness 
of  the  one  or  more  sheets  of  blotting  paper  which  are  to  be 
placed  under  the  corners,  must  be  taken  into  consideration. 
Before  adding  the  laps  which  are  to  extend  onto  the  back 
for  half  an  inch  or  more  experiment  with  patterns  cut  from 
paper  (see  Plate  XV). 

The  corners  may  be  made  of  linen,  vellum,  cover  paper, 
or  skiver  (a  prepared  leather  which  has  been  split  by  ma- 


Plate  XV.     Diagram  for  blotter  corner. 

chinery).  Cut  them  out  by  the  pattern.  To  give  a  finish 
to  the  edge  which  is  to  be  free,  turn  it  over  about  x/i  of  an 
inch.  If  leather  is  used,  a  portion  of  the  under  side  along 
the  edges  should  be  additionally  skived  off,  before  turning- 
over,  to  make  the  laps  very  thin.  Cover  paper,  if  used, 
may  be  re-enforced  by  pasting  a  piece  of  muslin  onto  the 
back. 

These  corners  present  an  opportunity  for  applied  design. 
The  most  satisfactory  decoration  for  leather  is  "tooling." 
On  the  other  materials  suggested,  a  design  may  be  applied 
by  stenciling  or  block  printing.4 

The  designs  should  be  simple  and  appropriate  (see 
Plates  XVI),  and  the  color  scheme  carefully  planned.     Un- 

4Simple  directions  for  these  processes  may  be  found  in  the  School  Arts 
Book  as  follows:  Tooling,  June,  1908;  Stenciling,  June  and  October,  1908, 
March,  1912;  Block -printing,  June,  1907. 


BLOTTER 


35 


less  a  special  study  has  been  made  of  color  harmonies,  a  com- 
bination of  analogous  colors  or  complementary  colors  is  a 
wiser  choice  than  a  more  complicated  combination.  Prac- 
tise on  paper  until  a  pattern  is  secured,  and  apply  it  to  the 
corners  by  the  method  decided  upon. 


Plate  XVI.      Blotter  pad  corners  with  original  units  by  grammar-school  children. 


When  pasting  on  the  decorated  corners,  the  sheets  of 
blotting  paper  should  be  placed  on  the  foundation  so  that 
there  will  be  room  for  their  use.  Paste  the  laps  to  the  back 
of  the  foundation,  being  very  careful  to  place  the  corners 
in  exact  position.  Leave  the  sheets  of  blotting  paper  under 
the  corners  until  after  the  whole  has  been  pressed;  other- 
wise the  weight  would  crush  the  corners.  When  putting  in 
new  sheets  of  blotting  paper,  they  can  be  more  easily  slipped 
under  the  corners  if  a  small  triangle  has  been  cut  from  each 
corner  of  the  blotting  paper.  A  sheet  of  lining  paper  about 
^8  of  an  inch  shorter  and  narrower  than  the  foundation 
should  be  pasted  to  the  back.     Dry  all  under  weight . 


Problem  V 
MOUNTS  AND  COVERS 

Time:     6  hours. 

Materials:     Newsboard,  vellum,  and  lining  paper. 

Note:  Each  article  in  this  problem  has  two  foundation  pieces  covered 
by  a  single  piece  of  vellum,  which  forms  a  hinge  between  them,  and  the  whole 
is  lined  with  marbled  paper. 

A.     A  Calendar  Stand 

First  make  or  secure  a  calendar,  which  should  be  of  small 
size.  If  desired,  a  picture  may  be  used  with  the  calendar, 
but  it  should  harmonize  with  it  in  size  and  color.  In  such  a 
case  plan  to  have  the  space  between  the  two  much  smaller 
than  the  margins,  so  that  the  eye  will  take  them  in  as  a 
group,  and  not  as  two  separate  objects.  Decide  on  the  mar- 
gins as  described  in  Problem  II,  and  thus  arrive  at  the  proper 
size  for  one  of  the  foundation  pieces  of  newsboard.  (See 
Plate  XVII.) 

Make  a  dimensioned  sketch  of  this  piece,  and  plan  to 
have  two  made  of  newsboard.  For  the  outside  covering  plan 
a  strip  of  vellum  which  shall  be  long  enough  to  cover  both 
pieces  of  newsboard  when  placed  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
apart,  and  to  make  half -inch  laps  on  each  side  and  end.  Plan 
a  strip  of  vellum  about  an  inch  wide  and  as  long  as  the  width 
of  the  foundation  pieces  to  form  the  back  of  the  hinge;  and 
two  pieces  of  lining  paper,  each  one-eighth  of  an  inch  smaller 
in  both  directions  than  the  foundation  pieces.  Make  dimen- 
sioned sketches  of  these  pieces  (see  Plate  XVIII),  lay  out 
and  cut  all  parts. 

In  the  center  of  the  narrow  strip  of  vellum  mark  off  a 
space  one-eighth  of  an  inch  wide,  extending  lengthwise  of  the 


MOUNTS    AND    COVERS 


37 


strip.  Apply  paste  and  lay  the  two  pieces  of  newsboard  on 
the  vellum  and  with  edges  against  the  lines  drawn.  Press 
hard  on  the  newsboard,  turn  it  over,  and  rub  down  the 
vellum.  A  hinge  is  thus  formed  for  the  two  pieces  of  news- 
board.  Lay  these  pieces  on  the  large  piece  of  vellum  and 
draw  around  the  whole.  Apply  paste  to  the  vellum  inside 
the  pencil  lines.  Lay  the  double  foundation  on  the  pasted 
surface  with  the  narrow  strip  of  vellum  on  top.     Rub  down 


Plate  XVII.     Calendars. 

the  outside  surface  very  hard,  leaving  no  wrinkles  or  rough 
places;  clip  the  corners  as  described  in  Problem  II,  paste 
the  laps,  fold  them  over,  rub  them  down,  and  line  the  mount 
with  the  pieces  of  marbled  paper.  Connect  the  front  and 
back  halves  of  the  mount  by  a  single  or  double  strap  of 
vellum  pasted  to  the  inside  of  each.  Finish  by  pasting  on  the 
calendar  and  picture. 

Note.  If  the  calendars  are  made  for  Christmas,  a  most  appropriate 
time,  the  children  are  sometimes  desirous  of  decorating  with  Christmas  seals. 
These  are  not  so  desirable  as  a  decorative  picture,  but  if  the  teacher  feels  that 
to  forbid  their  use  would  be  dispiriting  to  the  child,  she  should  insist  that 
only  one  seal  should  be  used  and  that  on  the  back  of  the  standard  where  it  will 
cany  its  message,  but  will  not  detract  from  the  appearance  of  the  face  of  the 
mount.  An  envelope  might  be  made  in  which  to  present  the  calendar,  and 
the  seals  used  on  the  outside  of  the  envelopes. 


38 


BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 


NE.WS  BOARD 
2  OF  THIS 


■of 


LINING   PAPER 
2  Of  THIS 


3* 


^J 


M 


t-JcsI 


Plate  XVIII.     Freehand  sketches  of  the  parts  of  a  simple  calendar  mount. 


B.  Another  Calendar  Mount 

Plan  the  back  standard  to  be  smaller  than  the  front 
instead  of  the  same  size.  Plate  XIX  suggests  a  suitable 
trapezoidal  shape.  In  this  case  the  vellum  must  be  of  the 
same  length  as  before,  but  cut  to  fit  the  different  widths  of 
the  newsboard  (compare  Plate  XX). 


MOUNTS    AND    COVERS 


39 


Plan  a  narrow  strip  of  vellum  to  line  the  hinge,  as  in  A. 
Paste  this  piece  and  the  outside  covering  as  before.  Cut  the 
lining  paper  of  the  correct  shapes  and  apply  to  the  back. 

* A  ■ 


1 


NEWSBOARD 
BACK 


<NJ 


¥—  1"H 


-±- 


NtWSBOAPD 
FRONT 


ZF 


Oj 


*l 


Plate  XIX.     The  foundation  pieces  for  an  easel  mount. 

C.     A  Needle-book 

This  consists  of  covers  with  leaves  of  flannel.  Decide 
upon  the  size  of  leaves,  which  should  not  be  too  large  and  in 
good   proportion.     One   piece   of   flannel   should   form   two 


40 


BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 


leaves,  as  in  booklets  described  in  Problem  I.  Plan  the  covers 
to  be  one-eighth  of  an  inch  larger  in  each  direction  than  the 
leaves.  These  should  be  constructed  like  the  calendar 
mount  already  described  in  A,  but  the  space  between  should 
be  greater,  perhaps  three-eighths  of  an  inch.     Make  dimen- 


Plate  XX.     The  flat  of  vellum  for  covering 
the  foundation. 

sioned  sketches  of  all  parts.  The  parts  should  then  be  laid 
out,  cut,  and  pasted.  Finish  the  edges  of  the  leaves  by  pink- 
ing (cutting  in  small  points).  Four  leaves  are  sufficient. 
Sew  them  to  the  cover  as  described  in  Problem  I. 

D.     A  Covered  Memorandum  Pad 

Secure  a  small  pad.     Plan  covers,  as  described  in  B, 
which  shall  project  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  in  each 


MOUNTS    AND    COVERS  41 

direction  beyond  the  pad.  Plan  to  have  the  space  between 
them  about  %  °f  an  mcn  more  than  the  thickness  of  the  pad. 
When  the  covers  are  finished,  paste  the  pad  firmly  to  the 
inside  of  one  cover.  If  desired,  loops  of  vellum  to  hold  the 
pencil  may  be  pasted  on  the  side  of  the  pad,  as  described  in 
Problem  I. 


Problem  VI 
FOLDING   CHECKERBOARD* 

Time:     6  hours. 

Materials:     Newsboard.  vellum,  squared  paper. 

This  checkerboard  (Plate  XXI)  is  planned  with  squares 
%"  in  size,  and  of  these  there  should  be  8  on  each  side 
alternating  dark  and  light.  By  making  a  foundation  IY2 
square,  it  gives  a  margin  of  ^i"  on  all  sides,  resulting  not 
only  in  a  satisfactory  appearance,  but  providing  a  place 
for  extra  checkers.  This  board  folds  through  the  center 
and  is  small  enough  to  be  easily  carried  in  the  pocket. 
The  illustration  is  intended  to  show  the  construction  to 
the  teacher.  Such  a  drawing  should  not  be  attempted  by 
the  pupils  whose  efforts  should  be  confined  to  simple  sketches 
of  the  necessary  pieces  as  in  the  other  problems. 

Cut  two  pieces  of  newsboard  3^"  strong  x  7V^",  and 
a  piece  of  vellum  about  9"  square.  It  will  be  observed 
that  the  width  of  the  newsboard  is  less  than  half  the  length 
in  order  to  allow  a  space  between  the  two  pieces  of  news- 
board  without  which  the  completed  board  would  not  close. 

On  the  back  side  of  the  piece  of  vellum  mark  off  in 
heavy  lines  the  positions  of  the  two  pieces  of  newsboard  and 
allow  34"  or  ys"  space  between  them.  Paste  the  newsboard 
to  the  vellum  as  already  described,  cut  the  corners  and  paste 
the  edges.  A  strip  of  vellum  2"  x  7"  should  be  pasted  to  cover 
the  space  between  the  two  pieces  of  newsboard  and  extend 
well  onto  them. 

*From  "War  Time  Occupations." 


FOLDING    CHECKERBOARD 


43 


CHECKER-BOARD 


tW^w 


k 


-t-'X'j"' ' :-'~''. -::  -  --'•-■  ■•-■jr.:  ■■■'■'<.  ;-•':■  ::'.-'i:'  .V:'-"  ii-\ 


-I 


Plate  XXI 


The  paper  used  for  lining  may  be  prepared  in  one  of 
several  ways,  either  by  machine  or  by  hand,  and  may  be 
in  one  piece  or  two.  The  former  is  less  likely  to  be  confusing. 
The  easiest  and  quickest  method  is  to  have  the  squares 
printed  in  dark  ink  on  white  or  light  gray  paper  of  good 
quality,  and  fairly  tough.  The  use  of  linoleum  is  suggested 
as  one  method  of  printing  squares,  or  a  line  plate  may  be 
made,  the  squares  printed  from  it  and  finished  linings  for 
the    checkerboards    furnished    to    those    who    are    making 


44  BOOKBINDING    FOR    BECxINNERS 

them.  The  light  squares  may  be  left  as  they  are  or  may  be 
colored  with  water  color,  crayon,  or  oils.  All  the  outside 
squares  should  be  lined  in,  either  when  printed  or  afterward 
by  hand.  A  border  line  about  ]/±"  outside  the  squares 
adds  very  much  to  the  general  appearance. 

If  all  the  markings  and  coloring  must  be  done  by 
hand,  paper  commerically  ruled  into  x/±  squares  is  recom- 
mended. This  secures  accuracy,  and  saves  much  tiresome 
ruling.  Three  such  spaces  on  each  side  form  a  ^  inch 
square  and  when  the  checkerboard  is  laid  off  by  small 
dots  on  outside  lines,  proceed  to  color  alternate  squares 
by  one  of  the  following  methods: 

A.  With  soft  pencil  darken  alternate  squares  leaving 
others  of  the  original  color.  Begin  with  the  upper  row, 
and  take  successive  rows  downward.  Across  the  paper 
lay  a  rule  just  below  the  lower  edge  of  the  squares  to  be 
darkened.  With  the  pencil  make  vertical  strokes  only, 
using  the  side  of  the  pencil  to  give  an  even  surface  free 
from  ridges.  Be  careful  with  the  lines  at  the  right  and 
left  edges  that  they  do  not  extend  into  the  adjoining  space. 
The  edge  of  the  rule  will  stop  the  strokes  at  the  right  place 
at  the  bottom  and  they  should  not  extend  quite  to  the  top 
as  this  can  be  adjusted  later.  When  all  rows  are  finished, 
turn  paper  around  so  that  what  was  top  is  now  bottom, 
and  complete  squares  by  the  same  method. 

B.  Instead  of  pencil,  colored  crayons  may  be  used 
in  the  same  manner  as  already  described. 

C.  Crayons  of  two  colors  may  be  used  in  alternate 
squares,  or  one  color  and  a  black  pencil.  Orange  and  black 
or  red  and  black  are  pleasing  combinations. 

D.  Ink  or  water  may  be  applied  with  a  brush. 
When  completed  place  the   " board"   so  that  a  dark 

square  is  in  the  upper  left  and  lower  right  corners  respec- 
tively, and  cut  open  vertically,  removing  about   }i"  from 


FOLDING    CHECKERBOARD  45 

the  center  two  halves.  If  no  space  is  left,  the  paper  soon 
cracks  in  folding;  if  too  little  space  is  left,  the  edges  soon 
turn  and  later  become  "dog-eared";  if  too  much  is  left, 
it  is  confusing  to  the  players,  as  theoretically  there  should 
be  no  space  at  all.  Paste  these  pieces  to  each  half  of  the 
cover,  placing  them  about  Y/±'  apart,  and  dry  flat  under 
weight. 

When  thoroughly  dry,  the  inner  surface  should  be 
varnished  with  shellac  or  valspar  to  give  stability  to  the 
color.  Otherwise,  it  soon  becomes  rubbed  and  the  appear- 
ance, if  not  the  utility,  of  the  board  is  spoiled.  One  coat 
is  sufficient  to  hold  the  color,  but  if  a  polished  surface  is 
desired  two  are  needed. 

The  question  of  coating  the  outside  with  shellac  or 
other  polish  is  an  open  one,  and  may  be  decided  to  suit 
the  individual  taste. 

It  is  sometimes  desirable  to  show  that  an  article  is 
the  product  of  the  schoolroom,  and  in  this  case  a  neatly 
printed  label  with  a  space  for  the  pupil's  name,  etc.,  may 
be  pasted  to  the  outside. 

If  larger  boards  are  desired  make  the  squares  one  inch 
in  size  leaving  %"  margin.  The  foundation  consists  of 
two  pieces  of  newsboard,  each  4^g"  x  Q}^"  and  the  vellum 
for  covering  should  be  113 2"  square.  The  process  of 
assembling  is  like  that  used  in  the  small  board. 

Checkers 

I.  Dowels.  Checkers  may  be  made  from  dowels 
Y%  or  3.4"  for  small  checkerboards  and  %"  or  1"  for  the 
larger  boards.  Broom  handles,  etc.,  may  be  used  as  sub- 
stitutes for  the  dowels. 

The  checkers  should  be  of  a  uniform  thickness,  and 
this  is  best  secured  by  using  a  combination  mitre-box, 
saw,  and  gauge.  If  this  is  not  available,  any  other  means 
may  be  employed  to  saw  the  dowels  into  disks  Y4'  or  3V' 
in  thickness. 


46  BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 

Lay  a  piece  of  sandpaper  on  a  flat  surface  and  rub  the 
checkers  on  this  to  remove  saw  marks.  Two  grades  of 
sandpaper  give  a  better  finish  than  one. 

To  play  the  game,  it  is  necessary  that  there  should 
be  two  colors  of  checkers.  Some  woods  present  sufficient 
difference  in  their  natural  colors  to  serve  this  purpose,  but 
it  is  generally  better  that  one  set  at  least  should  be  artificially 
colored.  For  this,  use  stain  or  ink.  Place  some  of  the 
fluid  in  a  shallow  dish,  and  drop  the  checkers  into  it.  Re- 
move at  once  with  nippers  or  two  sticks,  and  lay  on  a  paper 
to  dry. 

Most  stains  will  stand  some  water,  but  common  ink 
would  wash  out  if  rained  on.  So  to  preserve  the  color, 
checkers  dyed  with  ink  should  afterward  be  dropped  into 
a  thin  shellac  and  taken  out  and  dried.  Those  of  natural 
color  should  also  be  shellaced  as  they  keep  clean  much 
longer.  After  the  shellac  is  dry,  there  is  a  little  roughness 
on  the  surface.  If  this  is  rubbed  off  with  fine  sandpaper 
the  checkers  are  much  more  aggreeable  to  handle.  Twelve 
checkers  of  each  color  are  needed  for  a  set  but  three  or  four 
extra  ones  may  be  added.  Put  these  in  a  strong  bag  securely 
tied. 

II.  Button  Molds.  Instead  of  using  dowels,  as  just 
described,  wooden  button  molds  may  be  colored  and  used. 

III.  Buttons.  Two  contrasting  colors  of  flat  buttons 
make  excellent  checkers. 


Problem  VII 
PICTURE   FRAME 

Time:     4  hours. 

Materials:     Newsboard,  vellum  or  paper. 

First  choose  size  of  picture  and  then  width  of  frame. 
This  may  be  uniform  on  all  sides  or  one  may  observe  the 
rules  for  margins  shown  on  pages  21  and  22.  Make  a  careful 
drawing  of  the  outside  of  the  frame  and  opening,  and  then 
lay  out  and  cut  the  newsboard  as  indicated.  For  covering, 
plan  and  cut  a  piece  of  vellum,  grass  cloth,  paper  or  other 
material  which  shall  extend  beyond  the  newsboard  on  each 
side  for  at  least  one-half  an  inch.  On  this  material  indicate 
the  position  of  the  newsboard  including  the  opening  for 
the  picture.  Also  draw  lines  one-half  an  inch  inside  and 
parallel  to  the  lines  showing  opening.  Cut  on  these 
lines  and  at  each  corner  cut  oblique  lines  to  allow  the  laps 
to  fold  under.  For  the  back  there  should  be  planned  and 
cut  another  piece  of  newsboard  one-eighth  of  an  inch  shorter 
than  the  front  and  of  the  same  width;  and  to  cover  it  a 
strip  of  covering  material  three-eighths  of  an  inch  longer 
and  one-quarter  of  an  inch  narrower  than  the  newsboard. 
(See  Plate  XXII.) 

To  assemble:  Paste  the  foundation  of  the  front  to 
the  covering  and  turn  under  and  paste  the  laps  at  the 
opening.  At  this  time  paste  only  one  outside  lap  and  that 
the  top  one.  Over  one  end  of  the  newsboard-back  turn  the 
outside  strip  about  half  an  inch  and  paste  this  down  leaving 
the  remainder  of  the  piece  free.  Place  this  piece  of  newsboard 
against  the  front,  with  the  pasted  end  at  the  top,  and  over 
both  pieces  of  newsboard  paste  the  three  laps  attached  to 
the  front  side.     Fold  back  the  free  piece  and  paste  as  a 


4S 


BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 


4" >i 


Plate  XXII.     Dimensioned  sketches  of  the  parts  of  a  picture  frame. 


PICTURE    FRAME 


49 


lining  over  the  back.  To  this  may  be  pasted  a  patent 
hanger — a  ring  attached  to  a  gummed  disk.  The  picture 
should  be  inserted  at  the  opening  in  the  top. 

If  a  double  frame  is  desired  (see  Plate  XXIII)  make 
a  frame  for  each  picture  but  use  for  the  back  of  each  a 
piece  of  heavy  paper  which  should  not  have  an  additional 


■M-.TT — F7- — T7*~? — 5" — p"!" 


WMWHwiti 


«M* 


J»* 


Plate  XXIII.     A  folding  picture  frame. 

covering.  Make  a  foundation  which  folds  through  the 
center  planning  to  have  it  extend  slightly  beyond  the  frames 
as  shown  in  Plate  XXII ;  to  each  half  of  this  foundation 
attach  the  frames  already  made. 

C.  Either  style  of  frame  may  be  made  with  a  covering 
of  silk,  grass  cloth,  leather,  and  slightly  padded.  For 
this  purpose  use  sheet  wadding  which  should  be  firmly 
attached  to  the  front  of  the  foundation.  Over  this  lay  the 
covering  material  and  paste  the  laps  only,  not  the  broad 
faces. 


Problem  VIII 
HINGED  COVERS 

Time:     8  hours. 

Materials:     Newsboard,   vellum,   paper  for  leaves,  eyelets,  cord,  and   (if 

desired)  cover  paper  for  C  and  D. 

Note:     In  selecting  materials,  choose  those  which  harmonize  with  each 
other,  i.  e.,  the  vellum,  cover  paper,  and  lining  paper  should  be  of  the  same  hue. 

The  problem  is  to  make  two  separate  hinged  covers 
between  which  loose  leaves  may  be  bound,  the  whole  to  be 
fastened  together  with  macrame  or  other  cord.  This  may  be 
designed  for  one  of  many  uses,  suggestions  for  several  of 
which  follow  (see  Plate  XXIV). 


Plate  XXIV.     Examples  of  hinged  covers  made  by  grammar 
school  children. 


HINGED    COVERS 

A.     A  Sketch  Book 


51 


In  making  dimensioned  sketches  for  the  various  parts 
(see  Plate  XXV)  determine  first  the  size  of  the  pages  and 
plan  the  covers  to  extend  beyond  them  about  one-eighth 
of  an  inch.     Make  the  sketches  of  the  pages  and  the  news- 


MEWSBOAAD 
2  OF  ThlS 


w 


li 


VELLUM 
2  OF  THIS 


LINING  PAPLR 
20F  ThlS 


iO 


Plate  XXV.     Freehand  dimensioned  sketches  showing  parts 
of  a  sketch  book  cover. 

board  foundations.  Lay  out  and  cut  the  latter,  of  full  size, 
and  then  from  either  a  long  or  short  side  of  each,  in  accord- 
ance with  plan,  cut  a  strip  to  form  a  hinge.  The  width  of 
these  strips  may  be  from  three-quarters  of  an  inch  to  one 
inch.  Vellum  should  be  planned  to  cover  completely  one 
side  of  both  pieces  of  each  cover,  to  fold  around  the  small 
piece  and  to  lap  over  onto  the  large  piece  about  one-half 
inch.  It  should  also  fold  over  the  other  three  edges  about 
one-half  inch.     (See  Plate  XXVI.)     The  lining  paper  should 


52 


BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 


cover  to  within  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  of  the  edges  of 
the  large  pieces  and  should  not  extend  onto  the  hinge.  Con- 
stant bending  soon  breaks  paper,  but  with  ordinary  use  does 
not  affect  the  tough  vellum.  Make  dimensioned  sketches 
of  these  pieces  (see  Plate  XXV)  and  lay  out  and  cut 
all  remaining  parts. 

Properly  place  main  part  of  newsboard  on  vellum,  draw- 
ing around  it.  Lay  small  part  one-eighth  of  an  inch  from 
main  part  and  draw  around  it.     Remove  the  pieces  of  news- 


Plate    XXVI.     A  diagram  showing  the    posi- 
tion of  the  two    pieces    of    newsboard    on    a 
piece  of  vellum. 

board  and  apply  paste  to  vellum  inside  the  pencil  line,  being 
careful  to  cover  the  surface  smoothly  and  evenly;  lay  both 
back  pieces  in  place,  turn  the  vellum  over  and  rub  down. 
Cut  from  the  projecting  vellum  on  the  hinged  side  a  small 
piece  even  with  the  edges  of  the  hinges  as  far  as  the  outside 
corners  (see  Plate  XXVI),  and  clip  off  the  outside  corners 
as  before  described.  Apply  paste  to  projecting  vellum, 
fold  over  first  the  hinged  side  and  its  opposite,  then  the  other 
two  sides,  and  rub  down.  Paste  the  lining  paper  in  and  dry 
the  covers  separately  under  weight.  Remember  to  place 
newspaper  or  blott'ng  paper  between  each  pair,  otherwise 
the  moisture  from  one  will  cause  wrinkles  in  the  other. 


HINGED    COVERS 


53 


For  the  leaves,  use  drawing  paper,  which  may  be  cut 
singly  or  in  folio  (with  single  fold).  The  latter  method  is 
preferable,  as  folded  sheets  are  easier  to  place  at  the  back, 
look  better,  and  are  more  secure. 

Two  holes  in  each  cover  are  sufficient  for  the  cord,  but 
a  little  care  should  be  taken  to  determine  the  best  position 
for  them.  The  distance  of  each  from  the  end  of  the  hinge 
strips  should  be  from  one-fifth  to  one-sixth  of  its  length,  and, 


Plate  XXVII.      Two  methods  of  cutting  and 
folding   paper   for    the   pages   of  a  scrap  book 
or  postcard  album. 

of  course,  they  should  be  placed  midway  between  the  long 
edges.  After  punching  the  holes,  see  that  the  leaves  are 
properly  marked  so  that  the  holes  in  them  will  exactly  fit 
the  holes  in  the  cover.  To  do  this,  place  one  sheet  on  the 
cover,  leaving  correct  margins,  and  through  the  center  of 
each  hole  mark  the  paper  which  should  then  be  punched. 
Treat  the  other  sheets  in  the  same  manner.  Eyelets  should 
be  inserted  in  the  covers  only,  and  for  that  purpose  a  good 
eyelet  punch  is  necessary.  Directions  for  its  use  and  sample 
eyelets  accompany  punches  when  sent  from  the  dealer. 

Complete  by  tying  all  together  with  a  piece  of  cord. 
Make  a  small  flat  bow  on  the  front  cover. 


54  BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 

B.     A  Scrap  Book 

This  should  be  planned  and  worked  out  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  Sketch  Book,  but  it  should  be  somewhat 
larger,  possibly  6  x  83^  inches.  For  the  leaves,  screenings 
or  wrapping  paper  may  be  used. 

To  prevent  covers  from  flaring  after  the  book  has  been 
filled,  the  thickness  at  the  back  should  be  increased  by 
additional  folds  in  the  paper,  as  shown  in  Plate  XXVIIA. 
The  "stub"  should  be  about  one  inch  wide  after  it  is  folded. 
The  Japanese  method,  which  is  to  fold  a  very  long  strip 
many  times  in  the  same  manner,  forms  a  pleasing  arrange- 
men  (see  Plate  XXVIIB). 

C.     A  Postcard  Album 

Make  the  covers  described  in  A  and  the  leaves  of  a 
heavy  paper.  Green  or  brown  screenings  look  well  and  give 
a  background  generally  harmonious  with  colored  postcards. 
The  size  of  the  leaves  should  be  sufficient  to  leave  a  generous 
margin  around  the  card.  If  two  are  to  be  placed  on  one  page, 
have  the  space  between  less  than  the  margins  around  the 
edges.  A  little  additional  margin  at  the  bottom  is  always 
pleasing.  Slits  for  holding  the  cards  may  be  made  in  the 
following  manner :  cut  a  blank  sheet  of  paper  of  the  size  of  a 
postal  card  and  from  each  corner  measure  both  vertically 
and  horizontally  1  to  134  inches  and  connect  the  adjacent 
corners  with  straight  lines.  Place  this  pattern  in  proper 
position  and  use  the  ends  of  the  lines  on  it  to  locate  the  lines 
to  be  drawn  on  the  page  itself.  It  a  hole  is  punched  at  each 
end  of  the  line,  it  gives  a  neat  appearance  and  prevents  the 
paper  from  tearing  easily.  The  lines  on  the  page  should  be 
cut  with  a  sharp  knife.  Insert  each  card  by  placing  its 
corners  in  the  slits. 

A  second  set  of  oblique  lines  parallel  to  those  already 
described  may  be  drawn  and  cut  three-eighths  of  an  inch  farther 


HINGED    COVERS 


55 


from  each  corner.  This  will  form  a  strap  to  hold  the  cards 
in  place,  and  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  leaf  cards  may  be 
inserted  in  the  outside  slits. 

D.     A  Clipping  File 

Between  two  separate  covers  several  envelopes — say 
five — are  to  be  fastened  and  used  for  holding  clippings,  etc. 


Plate    XXVIII.     Relative    positions    of 

newsboard    and    vellum    in    making    the 

cover  of  a  clipping  file. 

Select  the  envelopes — 3}/2  by  9  inches  is  a  convenient  size. 
Plan  covers  to  be  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  longer  on  each 
end  than  the  envelopes  and  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  wider. 
This  allows  three-quarters  of  an  inch  for  the  guard  and 
also  a  projection  of  one-eighth  of  an  inch  on  the  opposite 
side.  Strips  of  vellum  should  be  planned  to  cover  com- 
pletely both  sides  of  the  hinge,  to  lap  over  onto  the  large  piece 
about  one  inch  both  outside  and  in,  and  to  extend  beyond 


56  BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 

each  end  about  one-half  inch.  To  cover  the  rest  of  the 
newsboardj  cover  paper  should  be  used  and  the  pieces 
should  lap  over  the  vellum  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  on 
the  side  next  to  the  hinge  and  fold  over  the  other  edges  about 
one-half  an  inch.  The  lining  paper  should  cover  to  within 
one-eighth  of  an  inch  of  the  edges  of  the  large  pieces  of  news- 
board.  Make  dimensioned  sketches  of  all  pieces  and  lay  out 
and  cut  all  parts. 

Draw  a  line  through  the  center  of  the  vellum  showing 
where  the  back  edge  of  the  small  piece  of  newsboard  should 
come.  Lay  main  part  one-eighth  of  an  inch  from  this  line 
and  draw  around  the  edges  of  both  pieces  except  where  the 
large  piece  projects  beyond  the  vellum  (see  Plate  XXVIII). 
Apply  paste  to  vellum,  lay  pieces  of  newsboard  in  place,  turn 
it  over  and  rub  down.  Cut  from  the  projecting  vellum  a 
small  piece  even  with  the  ends  of  the  hinges  as  far  as  the 
outside  corners.  Apply  paste  first  to  projecting  ends,  then 
to  long  strip ;  fold  over  and  rub  down. 

Properly  place  cover  on  cover  paper  and  draw  around 
it.  Apply  paste  to  cover  paper  and  finish  as  when  vellum  is 
used  for  entire  cover.  Paste  in  the  lining  paper  and  dry 
under  weight. 

Strips  of  vellum  about  2Yi  inches  wide  and  one  inch 
longer  than  the  envelopes  should  be  folded  lengthwise  down 
the  middle  to  form  guards.  Cut  strips  of  newsboard  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch  wide,  and  of  the  same  length  as  the 
envelope.  Apply  paste  to  half  the  vellum  and  lay  the  news- 
board  on  it  with  one  edge  against  the  center  fold.  Against 
the  other  edge  of  the  newsboard  lay  the  lower  edge  of  the 
envelope  with  its  ends  and  the  ends  of  the  newsboard  in 
the  same  straight  lines.  Treat  the  ends  of  vellum  in  the 
same  manner  as  on  the  covers.  Punch  holes  in  covers  and 
guards,  insert  eyelets,  and  fasten  together  by  tying,  or  with 
paper  fasteners. 


Problem  IX 
BOXES 

Time:     6  hours 

Materials:     Newsboard,  stay-tape  or  vellum,  and  a  thin  paper. 

First  determine  the  size  of  the  box,  which  should  be 
made  for  a  definite  purpose.  Consider  the  proportions  of 
the  width,  length,  and  height;  also  the  height  of  the  sides 
of  the  cover. 

A  box  consists  of  foundations  of  newsboard,  the  edges 
of  which  are  stayed  with  strips  of  tape  or  vellum,  and  the 
outside  covered  with  paper.  The  cover  should  be  larger 
than  the  bottom  by  %  inch  in  both  directions  to  allow  it  to 
slip  over  the  box.  This  amount  will  vary  somewhat  with 
the  thickness  of  the  newsboard,  the  paper  with  which  it  is 
covered,  and  the  skill  of  the  worker. 

The  foundation  for  each  part  is  to  be  developed  from  a 
single  piece  of  newsboard.  The  box  and  cover  are  to  be 
covered  with  a  thin  paper.  A  great  variety  of  paper  for 
this  purpose  may  be  purchased,  either  figured  or  in  plain 
colors. 

For  the  box  plan  a  strip  of  paper  long  enough  to  extend 
around  the  four  sides  and  to  provide  for  a  lap  where  the  ends 
join.  Be  generous  with  this  lap,  as  it  will  be  found  that  the 
paper  "takes  up"  when  it  is  pasted  on.  The  width  of  the 
strip  should  be  at  least  one  inch  more  than  the  depth  of  the 
box.  For  the  cover,  plan  covering  paper  like  the  newsboard 
development,  but  with  its  sides  Y2  inch  or  more  wider  to  fold 
over  the  edges.  Let  the  corner  squares  serve  as  laps.  Make 
dimensioned  sketches  of  all  pieces  and  lay  out  and  cut  all 
parts.     (See  Plate  XXIX.) 


;,s 


BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 


Along  folding  lines  of  the  foundations  score  deeply  with 
a  knife,  one  blade  of  the  scissors,  or  with  a  pin,  and  fold  with 
the  crease  on  the  outside.  It  is  essential  to  the  success  of  the 
box  to  have  this  crease  on  the  outside  to  insure  a  sharp, 
straight,  and  strong  edge,  which  might  otherwise  be  rounded, 
irregular,  and  weak. 


ioi<r> 


O 


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IN  E.W5  BOARD 


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73" 


Plate  XXIX.     Drawings  of  the  pieces  required  in  making  boxes. 


Fasten  the  corners  of  both  box  and  cover  together  with 
pieces  of  tape  or  strips  of  vellum,  lapping  onto  the  sides. 
(See  Plate  XXX.)  If  possible,  allow  the  corners  to  dry 
before  proceeding  further. 

Paste  the  strip  of  paper  around  the  box,  allowing  x/i 
inch  to  project  beyond  both  top  and  bottom  edges.  Rub 
down  well.  Make  a  vertical  cut  at  each  corner  of  upper 
projection  and  fold  and  paste  laps  down  on  the  inside.  (See 
Plate  XXXI.) 


BOXES  59 

Make  a  V-cut  at  each  corner  of  the  lower  projection, 
fold  and  paste  the  laps  against  the  bottom.  (See  Plate 
XXXII.)  It  will  probably  be  necessary  to  apply  more  paste 
before  finally  rubbing  these  laps  down. 


Plate  XXX.      The  box  in  process  of  construc- 
tion showing  method  of  "staying"   the  corners. 


Plate  XXXI.     Showing  method  of  pasting 
the  laps  to  the  inside  of  the  box. 

Paste  top  of  cover  to  the  paper,  leaving  equal  margins 
on  all  sides.  From  the  two  long  edges  make  cuts  to  the 
corners  of  the  newsboard  foundation  at  right  angles  to  its 


60 


BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 


edges.  Fold  and  paste  paper  over  the  ends  of  cover  first,  and 
then  onto  the  inside,  using  the  thumb  to  push  the  paper 
over  the  edges.   (See  Plate  XXXI.)  The  cuts  made  from  the 


Plate  XXXII.     The  laps  are  being  pasted 
to  the  bottom  of  the  box. 


Plate  XXXIII.     Here  the  paper  is  being  pasted 
to  the  side  of  the  cover. 


long  edges  give  an  extra  length  to  end  coverings.  Paste  this 
extra  piece  onto  long  sides  and  then  paste  the  part  naturally 
to  be  used  to  cover  these  sides.     The  appearance  of  the  box 


BOXES  61 

will  be  greatly  improved  by  running  the  thumb  and  finger 
along  the  folded  edges  of  the  cover  to  sharpen  them. 

In  this  manner,  boxes  of  any  size  may  be  made.  Small 
boxes  may  be  covered  with  linen,  cretonne,  or  other  kinds  of 
cloth.  In  this  case  it  may  be  better  (after  making  the  foun- 
dations as  already  described)  to  paste  the  covering  to  the 
inside  of  the  foundation  only,  otherwise  the  surface  might  be 
discolored  by  the  paste  oozing  through  the  cloth. 

A  box  with  a  glass  top  is  sometimes  desirable  for 
holding  specimens  of  various  kinds.  Such  a  box  may  be 
made  as  above  described  with  the  following  changes: 
If  it  is  to  be  a  sealed  box  the  specimens  should  be  properly 
placed  in  the  box  and  the  glass  (which  should  be  as  large 
as  the  outside  measurement  of  the  box  to  prevent  its 
dropping  in)  laid  over  the  top  before  pasting  down  that 
part  of  the  covering  which  projects  above  the  box  itself. 
When  properly  arranged  this  should  then  be  pasted  to  the 
glass  exactly  as  the  laps  are  pasted  to  the  bottom  of  the  box. 

If  a  removable  cover  is  desired,  cut  strips  of  newsboard 
for  the  sides  and  a  strip  of  material  for  covering  them  in  the 
same  manner  that  the  box  is  covered.  After  staying  the 
corners  with  vellum,  paste  on  the  strip  of  covering  material; 
one  edge  of  this  should  lap  over  the  newsboard  and  be 
pasted  to  the  inside  of  the  cover  and  the  other  should  hold 
the  glass  in  position  after  it  has  been  placed  on  the  news- 
board. 


Problem  X 
POSTCARD  HOLDER 

Time:     8  hours. 

Materials:     Newsboard,  vellum,  and  lining  paper. 

Before  beginning  this  holder,  it  may  be  well  to  have 
collections  made  of  cards  relating  to  a  definite  subject,  in- 
terest in  the  study  of  various  industries,  history,  and  geog- 
raphy is  greatly  increased  by  the  use  of  pictures,  and  in  many 
places  sets  of  cards  prepared  for  such  a  purpose  may  be 
purchased. 


Plate  XXXIV.     The  postcard  holder  parti}'  open. 

This  holder  consists  of  an  outside  case  into  which  the 
inner  holder  slips.  (See  Plate  XXXIV.)  The  size  of  the 
faces  may  be  determined  by  individual  pupils,  but,  if  the 
blocks  to  be  described  later  are  used,  it  will  be  quite  essential 
to  have  a  uniform  size  so  that  the  blocks  may  be  used  inter- 
changeably among  the  pupils.  For  this  reason,  it  is  recom- 
mended that  the  broad  faces  of  the  outside  be  about  one 


POSTCARD    HOLDER  63 

inch  larger  in  each  direction  than  a  postcard,  and  the  narrow 
faces  ll/i"  wide. 

Plan  the  foundation  of  a  single  piece  of  newsboard,  as 
wide  as  the  outside  length  of  the  holder,  scored  to  divide  it 
into  the  four  faces  above  referred  to,  and  a  fifth  division 
the  exact  size  of  one  narrow  face.  Arrange  these  faces  to  be 
joined  at  their  long  edges  with  a  narrow  face  on  each  end 
of  the  strip  of  newsboard  so  that  when  folded  together  one 
narrow  face  will  be  double,  which  gives  greater  stability  to 
the  shape  of  the  holder.  Plan  a  strip  of  vellum  2  inches 
wi  er  than  the  length  of  the  case,  and  long  enough  to  extend 
around  it,  allowing  for  a  lap  at  one  corner.  It  will  be  found 
in  putting  on  this  vellum  that  it  will  require  a  piece  longer 
than  the  sum  of  the  width  of  the  faces  as,  however  closely  it 
may  be  put  on,  it  " takes  up"  at  the  corners.  Therefore  be 
generous  with  the  lap  as  a  little  extra  length  does  no  harm. 

For  the  inner  holder  plan  a  strip  of  newsboard  y$" 
narrower  than  the  case,  scored  to  divide  it  into  five  parts. 
Two  parts  are  to  be  of  the  same  length  as  the  case,  alternat- 
ing with  two  narrow  faces  y%  less  than  thickness  of  the 
case  (that  they  may  fit  inside)  and  the  fifth  piece  about  one- 
half  the  length  of  the  long  faces. 

Plan  two  strips  of  vellum  to  cover  the  narrow  faces, 
and  lap  onto  the  adjoining  faces  about  I".  Allow  yi'  at  each 
end  to  turn  over  the  edges.  For  each  of  the  three  broad 
faces,  plan  a  covering  of  lining  paper  which  shall  allow  an 
edge  of  vellum  to  show  at  the  joints,  and  shall  lap  over  the 
other  edges  of  the  newsboard.  Notice  that  these  three  pieces 
are  of  three  different  sizes. 

Make  dimensioned  sketches  of  all  pieces  (See  Plate 
XXXV)  and  lay  out  and  cut  all  parts.  Along  the  folding 
lines  of  both  newsboard  foundations,  score  and  fold  as  ex- 
plained in  connection  with  the  box. 

When  pasting  the  vellum  onto  the  outside  case,  it  will 
be  found  of  great  advantage  to  have  blocks  of  wood  to  work 


64 


BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 


around.     If  there  is  a  woodworking  room  in  connection  with 
the  school,  these  blocks  may  well  be  made  there.     They 


l      l 
OUTSIDE  l       I  NEWS  BOARD 
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Plate  XXX V.     Dimensioned  sketches  of 
the  parts  of  the  postcard  holder. 


should  be  at  least  the  full  length  of  the  case  and  may  project 
beyond  the  ends.     Their  thickness  should  be  the  width  of  the 


POSTCARD    HOLDER  65 

narrow  faces,  and  their  width  may  be  the  same  as  that  of  the 
broad  faces,  or  narrower.  If  narrower,  the  blocks  may  be 
slipped  along  as  the  vellum  is  being  rubbed  down. 

The  strip  of  vellum  for  covering  the  outside  is  so  large 
that  it  is  difficult  for  a  child  to  cover  it  with  paste,  before  a 
part  of  it  has  dried.  It  is  better,  therefore,  to  paste  a  little 
more  than  enough  for  one  face  at  a  time,  rub  this  down,  apply 
paste  again,  and  so  on  to  the  end.     By  putting  the  paste  a 


Plate  XXXVI.  An  illustration  of  the  meth- 
od of  covering  the  outside  of  the   case  when 
a  block  of  wood  is  used. 

little  beyond  were  it  is  needed  there  is  a  certainty  of  leaving 
no  dry  areas  at  the  corners. 

If  blocks  are  to  be  used,  paste  together  the  two  end 
divisions  of  the  newsboard,  put  the  block  inside,  and  paste  on 
the  strip  of  vellum.  Place  one  end  of  the  vellum  flush  with 
one  edge  of  the  case,  and  cover  one  broad  face  first.  (See 
Plate  XXXVI.)  Before  rubbing  down  the  vellum  on  the 
next  face,  be  sure  that  it  is  pulled  as  closely  as  possible  over 
the  edge,  leaving  no  wrinkles  or  loose  places.  When  all  the 
faces  have  been  covered,  there  should  remain  a  margin  of 
vellum  to  lap  onto  the  face  first  covered.  If  this  is  pasted 
down  very  closely,  it  will  be  almost  invisible. 


66  BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 

If  no  blocks  are  available,  three  faces  should  be  covered 
before  joining  the  two  end  pieces  of  newsboard,  which  should 
then  be  covered  as  one  piece.  Lay  each  face  as  it  is  being 
pasted  so  that  one  edge  is  at  the  edge  of  the  desk  or  table, 
and  allow  the  rest  of  the  case  to  hang  over  the  side.  (See 
Plate  XXXVII.)  In  this  way  the  faces  may  be  easily  covered. 


Plate  XXXVII.    An  illustration  of  the  method  of  cov- 
ering the  outside  of  the  case  when  no  block  of   wood 
is  available 

Next  make  a  longitudinal  cut  on  the  projecting  vellum  as 
far  as  the  newsboard  at  each  corner  of  the  case.  The  result- 
ing laps  may  then  be  easily  pasted  down  onto  the  inside  of 
the  case. 

Over  the  narrow  faces  of  the  inner  holder  paste  the 
strips  of  vellum,  cut  for  this  purpose.  Paste  and  fold  their 
ends  over  the  edges  of  the  newsboard.  These  ends  fit  a  little 
better  if  two  slits  are  made  in  each  at  the  fold  of  the  news- 
board.     Cover  the  broad  faces  with  the  lining  paper,  turning 


POSTCARD    HOLDER  67 

and  pasting  the  laps  over  the  edges  closely.  The  corners 
should  be  cut  as  in  the  flat  objects  described  in  previous 
articles.  This  inner  part  should  not  be  pressed  as  a  flat  piece 
as  this  would  cause  the  paper  to  crack  open  when  folded  for 
use. 

If  desired,  the  inside  may  be  lined  with  white  paper,  in 
which  case  the  pieces  should  be  put  in  separately  instead  of 
in  one  long  strip.  This  is  difficult  for  any  but  most  skillful 
workers. 

B.  A  holder  of  similar  construction,  but  of  convenient 
size  to  hold  note  or  letter  paper  makes  an  excellent  filing- 
case. 


Problem  XI 
SLIP   BOX* 

Time:     6  hours. 

Materials:     Newsboard,  vellum,  thin  paper. 

This  box  (Plate  XXXVIII)  by  varying  the  size  may 
be  used  for  holding  pencils,  checkers,  a  picture  puzzle,  or 
for  other  purposes. 

Accurately  lay  out  the  box  on  the  newsboard  as  shown 
in  the  drawing  and  cut  on  the  outside  lines,  preferably 
with  the  cardboard  cutter.  Along  the  edges  of  the  base 
score  with  a  sharp  knife  or  strong  pin  and  turn  up  the  sides 
with  the  lines  outside.  The  corners  should  be  stayed  with 
a  strip  of  vellum  as  shown  to  hold  the  box  in  shape. 

Cut  a  strip  of  lining  or  other  thin  paper  long  enough 
to  extend  around  the  box  and  lap  over  about  */£  inch; 
the  width  should  be  at  least  one  inch  greater  than  height 
of  sides.  Paste  this  strip  to  the  sides  of  the  box  allowing 
surplus  width  to  extend  equally  above  and  below. 

At  each  corner  of  the  box  make  cuts  in  the  paper  so 
that  it  may  be  pasted  to  the  inside  of  the  box  at  one  edge 
and  to  the  bottom  of  the  box  at  the  other.  It  is  advised 
that  no  attempt  be  made  to  line  either  the  inside  or  the  base. 
The  case  should  be  enough  larger  than  the  box  to  allow  the 
latter  to  slip  easily  but  not  fall  out.  By  making  each  side 
of  the  case  Y%  of  an  inch  wider  than  the  corresponding  sides 
of  the  box,  this  is  accomplished.  It  will  be  noticed  that 
three  narrow  faces  are  shown  in  the  drawing.  Lap  the 
broader  outside  face  B  over  the  narrower  one  A  and  paste 
securely.     This  gives  stability  to  the  outside. 

Cut  a  strip  of  vellum  long  enough  to  paste  around  the 
box  and  extend  beyond  it  at  least  \  •?  inch  at  each  end. 
Paste  this  to  the  foundation;  at  each  corner  make  cuts  in 
the  vellum,  and  paste  projecting  parts  to  the  inside  of  the 
foundation. 

*From  "War  Time  Occupations." 


SLIP    BOX 


69 


SLIP  BOX 


&  VELLUM 


!§£*** 


t 
MOO 

1 

1 

NEWSBOARD 

1 

I 
1 
1 

1 

"Ol'fr 

7 

MOO 
1 

A                             ■ 

1—  7- 

^8 

r                          <3- 

8 

VELLUM   STAY 


~i 


-IQO 


.NEWSBOARD 


U'-|  X 

16 

NOTE.    FOLD"©''  OUTSIDE  OF  X 


Plate  XXXVIII. 


Problem  XII 
A  PORTFOLIO 

Time:     6  hours. 

Materials:     Newsboard,  vellum,  cover  paper,  lining  paper,  tape. 

(A).  This  portfolio  consists  of  two  foundation  pieces  of 
newsboard,  covered  and  lined  with  paper  and  joined  by  a 
back  of  vellum.  Let  the  size  and  shape  of  these  covers  be 
determined  by  the  use  to  which  they  are  to  be  put.  They 
may  be  for  drawings,  maps,  compositions,  etc.  The  size  of 
the  newsboard  will  practically  be  the  size  of  the  finished  port- 
folio, and  should  be  somewhat  larger  than  the  papers  it  is  to 
hold. 

Plan  the  back,  which  consists  of  two  pieces  of  vellum, 
wide  enough  to  allow  for  the  space  desired  between  the 
covers,  and  also  to  lap  onto  each  cover  at  least  one  inch. 
One  piece  of  vellum  should  be  long  enough  to  lap  over  the 
ends  of  the  newsboard  about  ^2  an  inch,  and  the  other  piece 
should  be  about  y%  of  an  inch  shorter  than  the  newsboard. 

Plan  the  cover  paper  to  be  large  enough  to  allow  for  3^ 
inch  lap  to  fold  over  the  three  free  edges,  but  remember  to 
allow  a  margin  of  vellum  to  show  at  the  other  edge.  Plan 
the  lining  paper  to  be  small  enough  to  allow  the  foundation 
to  extend  beyond  it  at  least  %  of  an  inch  on  all  sides. 

Make  dimensioned  sketches  of  all  pieces  and  lay  out  and 
cut  all  parts.  (See  Plate  XXXIX.)  Place  the  newsboard 
foundations  on  the  short  piece  of  vellum  the  proper  dis- 
tance apart,  with  equal  amounts  of  vellum  extending  under 
each.  The  newsboard,  of  course,  will  extend  at  each  end  a 
trifle  beyond  the  vellum.  When  the  proper  position  is 
determined,  draw  pencil  lines  lengthwise  of  the  vellum  indi- 


PORTFOLIO 


71 


eating  the  edge  of  each  cover.  Put  paste  on  the  vellum  and 
rub  down  well  onto  the  newsboard  forming  the  inside  of  the 
hinge.  To  make  sure  that  the  upper  and  lower  edges  of  the 
covers  are  in  a  continuous  straight  line,  place  a  rule  or 
straight  edge  against  one  cover,  extending  across  and  beyond 
the  vellum ;   place  the  second  cover  against  the  rule  and  the 


fSLWSBOARD 


COVER   PAPf.fi 

2  0FTHI3 


LIMING  B4PER 

2  OF  THIS 


Plate  XXXIX.     Dimensioned  sketches 
of  the  parts  of  a  portfolio. 

edges  will  be  in  a  straight  line.  (See  Plate  XL.)  Paste 
the  second  piece  of  vellum  onto  the  outside  and  turn  the 
projecting  ends  over  the  newsboard,  pasting  them  down. 

Properly  place  one  foundation  piece  on  the  cover  paper, 
allowing  the  vellum  to  show  where  it  laps  onto  the  news- 
board,  and  draw  around  it.  The  amount  of  vellum  which  is 
to  show  is  a  problem  in  space  division.  Just  how  much  will 
look  well  on  the  particular  cover  under  consideration  should 
be  carefully  thought  out. 


72  BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 

Apply  paste  to  the  cover  paper,  noting  that  it  requires 
more  skill  to  spread  paste  uniformly  on  a  heavy  paper  than 
on  vellum  or  lining  paper.  Place  one  piece  of  newsboard 
on  the  paper  as  previously  marked,  turn  them  over  and  rub 
down.  A  piece  of  cloth  held  in  the  hand  and  used  for  rubbing 
the  surface  prevents  finger  marks;  or  the  rubbing  may  be 
done  on  a  piece  of  paper  laid  over  the  surface.  The  cover 
paper  should  cling  firmly  to  the  foundation  at  every  point 
and  this  should  be  assured  before  proceeding.    Apply  paste  to 


Plate  XL.     Pasting  the  newsboard 
to  the  vellum  back. 

the  projecting  laps,  fold  them  over  and  rub  down.     Treat  the 
other  half  in  the  same  manner. 

It  is  desirable  to  tie  the  portfolio  together  on  one  side 
at  least.  For  this  purpose  secure  tape  of  harmonizing  color 
and  %  or  Y2  inch  in  width.  About  Y2  an  mch  from  and 
parallel  to  the  front  edges  cut  a  slit  through  both  paper  and 
newsboard  of  the  same  length  as  the  width  of  the  tape.  (This 
needs  to  be  done  with  a  knife  or,  better  yet,  with  a  chisel.) 
Insert  a  piece  of  tape  from  6  to  9  inches  long  in  each  slit  and 
securely  paste  at  least  1  inch  to  the  inside  of  the  newsboard, 
allowing  the  greater  length  to  project  from  the  outside. 
Paste  the  lining  paper  on  the  inside  of  each  half  and  this  will 


PORTFOLIO  73 

cover  the  pasted  end  of  the  tape.     The  portfolio  is  then 
complete. 

(B) .  By  a  different  arrangement  of  tape  the  same  kind 
of  portfolio  may  be  used  as  a  magazine  holder  or  cover  for  a 
paper  book  or  pamphlet.  Plan  the  newsboard  foundations 
to  project  i/§  of  an  inch  beyond  the  book  on  three  sides.  The 
space  between  the  two  pieces  of  newsboard  should  be  at  least 
an  inch  greater  than  the  thickness  of  the  book  so  that  the 
covers  will  lie  flat  when  the  book  is  inside.     It  will  be  seen 


Plate  XLI.     A  magazine  in  a  stiff  cover. 

that  with  so  wide  a  space  the  inner  edge  of  the  newsboard 
will  not  extend  as  far  back  as  the  back  of  the  book,  and  in 
planning  the  newsboard  it  should  actually  be  narrower  than 
the  book.  Make  dimensioned  sketches  of  all  pieces  and  lay 
out  and  cut  all  parts. 

Construct  the  covers  as  for  the  portfolio,  but  insert  the 
tape  as  follows :  About  %  of  an  inch  from  both  upper  and 
lower  edges  of  the  back  cover,  and  just  where  the  cover  paper 
laps  onto  the  vellum,  make  slits  of  the  same  width  as  the 
tape  and  parallel  to  the  edges.  Push  one  end  of  the  tape 
through  from  the  outside  and  paste,  with  the  end  turned 
toward  the  edge.     Carry  the  tape  over  the  adjacent  edge 


74 


BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 


along  inside  of  the  cover  and  over  the  opposite  edge  where 
it  should  be  inserted  in  the  second  slit  and  pasted  on  the 
inside  as  at  the  other  end.  A  little  slackness  of  tape  is  not 
objectionable.  The  lining  paper  may  come  to  the  edge  of 
the  tape,  or,  with  more  difficulty,  be  slipped  under  it. 


■r — ^b 

r          ^ 

k                 A 
Bk          AM 

Plate  XLII.     Simple  borders  suitable  for  use  on  a  portfolio. 

When  one  cover  of  the  book  has  been  placed  under  the 
tape,  it  should  hold  it  securely.     (See  Plate  XLI.) 

If  desired,  there  is  here  an  excellent  opportunity  for  the 
application  of  a  cover  design.  This  may  consist  of  simple 
straight  line  borders  in  lower  grades,  or  of  more  elaborate 
designs  in  upper  grades.  (See  Plate  XLII.)  Lettering 
also  may  be  used  either  singly  or  combined  with  decorative 
figures.  The  design  should  be  carefully  planned  before  any 
attempt  is  made  to  place  it  upon  the  finished  cover.  Era- 
sures are  alwavs  noticeable  and  should  be  avoided.     It  is 


PORTFOLIO 


75 


DESIGN 


MARY  E..  DOYLE 
!  STS      BOSTON       MASS 


(,    ST.S 


JJL. 


r 

Jtt*^. 

1 

STS's            B..tc 

• 

Plate  XLIII.     Some  cover  designs  made  by  students  at  the  Sloyd  Training 
School,  Boston.  Mass. 

recommended  that  straight  lines  should  be  drawn  with  a 
rule,  and  the  distance  of  the  border  from  the  edge  measured 
either  with  a  rule  or  a  piece  of  paper.  The  decoration  may  be 
applied  with  ink,  crayons,  or  water  color.  Common  ink 
diluted  gives  the  effect  of  a  darker  tone  of  the  color  of  the 
paper  and  as  it  is  easily  obtained  it  is  on  the  whole  a  satis- 
factory medium.     (See  Plate  XLIII.) 


Problem  XIII 
STATIONERY  HOLDER 

Time:     8  hours. 

Materials:     Newsboard,  vellum  and  paper. 

A  very  satisfactory  stationery  holder  (see  Plates 
XLIV  and  XLV)  may  be  made  by  substituting  pockets, 
etc.,  for  the  plain  lining  of  the  portfolio.  Make  the  outside 
as  described  in  Problem  XII.  Then  cut  for  each  half,  a 
piece  of  newsboard  one-quarter  of  an  inch  shorter  and 
narrower  than  the  outside  pieces.  Cover  one  of  these 
smaller  pieces  with  the  same  paper  that  is  used  on  the 
outside  turning  over  a  margin  of  one-half  an  inch  on  each 
of  the  four  sides.  At  each  corner  attach  suitable  pieces 
for  holding  a  blotter.  (See  page  33.)  When  pressed  and 
dried  this  forms  a  lining  for  one  side.  The  other  piece  of 
newsboard  should  be  used  as  a  foundation  for  a  "bellows 
pocket"  for  holding  stationery.  First  bind  one  long  edge 
with  a  strip  of  vellum  having  it  show  on  the  upper  surface 
for  about  an  inch  and  a  half.  The  pocket  should  be  made 
of  vellum  and  when  completed,  should  be  as  large  as  the 
newsboard  foundation.  To  give  strength  and  stability 
to  this  cut  a  piece  of  paper  of  the  same  size  as  the  news- 
board.  Plan  and  cut  a  piece  of  vellum  5  inches  longer  and 
an  inch  and  a  half  wider  than  this.  Lay  the  paper  lining 
on  the  vellum  with  an  equal  amount  of  vellum  projecting 
at  each  end,  and  fold  the  vellum  over  one  long  edge  of  the 
paper  for  its  entire  length  and  to  the  depth  of  about  one 
inch.  Paste  the  hem  thus  made  to  the  paper  but  do  not 
paste  the  broad  face  as  this  will  cause  wrinkling.  Then 
fold  the  vellum  over  each  end  of  the  paper  sharply  and  make 


STATIONERY    HOLDER 


77 


Plate  XLIV.     Stationery  Holders  (closed)  made  by  students  at  the  Boston 
School  of  Occupational  Therapy 

a  reverse  fold  one  inch  from  the  end.  Place  this  vellum 
on  the  newsboard  with  the  hem  of  the  pocket  against  the 
bound  edge  of  the  newsboard,  and  on  the  other  three  sides 
turn  over  the  projecting  vellum  and  paste  to  the  under 
side  of  the  newsboard.  Before  pasting  in  this  piece  and 
the  blotter  for  linings,  a  fastener  or  tape  should  be 
inserted  as  already  described. 

The  holder  may  be  made  more  elaborate  by  adding 
a  third  page  which  should  be  narrower  than  the  other  two 
and  when  folded  together  will  appear  as  a  flap.  Cut  a 
piece  of  newsboard  for  its  foundation  and  fasten  to  one 
of  the  large  pieces  in  the  same  manner  as  the  two  large 
pieces  are  attached.     To  line  this,  cut  a  piece  of  newsboard 


78 


BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 


one-quarter  of  an  inch  shorter  and  narrower  than  the 
outside  piece  and  cover  it  with  a  single  piece  of  vellum; 
or  pockets  may  be  added  and  a  strap  for  holding  pen  or 
pencil. 

Some  very  handsome  cases  can  thus  be  made  by  using 
wall  papers  on  the  broad  faces.  Narrow  stripes  or  gold 
bands  used  as  border  decorations  on  the  corners  of  the 
blotter  or  the  edge  of  the  pockets  are  very  effective  while 
'figures  well  cut  may  be  appliqued  to  the  outside  or  the  inside. 


Plate  XLV.     An  open  stationery  holder  made  at  the  Boston  School  of 
Occupational  Therapy 

For  fastening,  use  cord,  tape  or  ribbon  which  should 
be  inserted  before  the  linings  are  pasted  in.  To  illustrate: 
Pass  a  ribbon  across  the  outside  of  the  middle  piece,  putting 
each  end  through  a  slit — say  one  inch  from  the  edge — 
and  glue  these  firmly  to  the  newsboard.  Through  a  slit 
in  the  other  broad  face  pass  another  length  of  ribbon  on 
the  end  of  which  shall  be  a  Japanese  bead;  on  the  narrow 
face  in  similar  fashion  attach  a  loop  of  ribbon  (made  by 
passing  both  ends  through  the  same  slit).  When  closed 
the  case  may  be  fastened  by  putting  the  bead  through  the 
loop. 

Another  style  of  fastener  consists  of  a  cord  or  braid 
similarly  inserted  with  a  fancy  knot  in  place  of  the  bead. 


Problem  XIV 
SEWING  AND  BINDING  A  BOOK 

Time:     10  hours. 

Materials:     Newsboard,5  vellum,  cover  paper,  white  paper,  tape,  sewing 
linen,  and  "super." 

There  are  several  ways  of  sewing  a  book  and  even  more 
ways  of  binding  it  after  it  is  sewed.  The  first  method  here 
given  is  the  simplest,  and  is  such  as  is  feasible  in  a  fifth  or 
sixth  grade  without  a  sewing  frame,  a  press,  or  other  appa- 
ratus than  the  simple  tools  required  in  the  previous  problems. 

First  determine  the  shape  and  size  of  the  book.  It  is 
better  at  first  not  to  attempt  a  book  which  is  very  thick, 
seven  to  twelve  signatures  being  sufficient  for  a  beginning. 
A  " signature"  is  the  name  applied  to  a  folded  sheet,  several 
of  which  go  to  make  up  the  inside  of  a  book.  If  the  sheet  is 
folded  once  it  is  called  a  "folio";  if  twice,  a  "quarto";  if 
three  times,  an  "octavo."  (See  Plate XLVI.)  These  signa- 
tures, when  sewed  together,  form  what  is  technically  known 
as  "the  book,"  and  the  covers  and  back  "the  case." 

With  a  piece  of  cheap  paper  experiment  a  little,  folding 
it  one  or  more  times  and  if  necessary  trimming  the  edges  to 
change  size  or  proportions.  When  the  size  is  determined, 
cut  a  sufficient  number  of  sheets,  fold,  and  "stack"  (pile) 
them  for  sewing.  If  the  paper  provided  is  too  small  to  be 
used  for  a  "quarto, "  place  one  "folio"  inside  another  which 
will  give  two  thicknesses  of  paper  at  each  fold  and  will  have 
the  same  effect  as  a  "quarto."     If  desired,  two  or  three 

5A  book-cover  may  be  made  of  heavier  newsboard  than  the  articles 
previously  described,  although  in  elementary  grades  it  will  probably  be 
more  convenient  to  use  one  weight  only.  Number  30  is  commonly  used 
for  books  of  ordinary  size  (say  iy<i  x  5J^  inches),  while  for  larger  books 
(10  x  7  inches)  a  still  heavier  board  is  used. 


so 


BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 


sheets  of  paper  may  be  placed  together  before  folding  so 
that  there  will  be  several  thicknesses  at  the  back. 

These  signatures  are  to  be  sewed  over  three  pieces  of 
tape,  one  to  be  at  the  middle  of  the  fold,  one  from  1  to  l}4 
inches  from  each  end,  according  to  the  size  of  the  pages. 


FOLIO 


QUARTO 


_L 


1 


-U 


L 


1 


OCTAVO  16mo 

Plate  XLVI.     Diagram  to  show  methods  of  folding  sheets  of  paper. 

On  the  back  of  the  first  signature  mark  carefully  the  position 
of  the  edges  of  each  piece  of  tape,  and  additional  points  Yi 
an  inch  from  each  end.  The  latter  points  show  the  location 
of  the  "kettle  stitches." 

Replace  this  signature  on  the  others  and  mark  across  the 
backs  of  all,  locating  similar  points  on  other  signatures  with 
as  much  accuracy  as  possible.  (See  Plate  XLVII.)  The  major 
folds  should  then  be  "jogged  up"  evenly  at  the  back,  and  the 
minor  folds  at  the  "head"  or  top. 


SEWING    AND    BINDING    A    BOOK 


81 


At  each  point  on  each  signature  make  a  hole  for  sewing 
by  opening  the  signatures  and  piercing  through  with  a 
needle  from  the  back.  Replace  the  signatures  in  the  same 
order  as  before.  Cut  three  pieces  of  tape  about  three  inches 
long.  Place  the  first  signature  on  the  deck  or  table  with  the 
fold  of  the  back  toward  the  operator.  The  left  hand  should 
be  placed  inside  the  signature  to  receive  and  return  the 


Plate  XLVII.     Marking  the  signatures  before  stitchim 


threaded  needle  which  is  pushed  through  from  the  outside 
by  the  right  hand.  (See  Plate  XLVIII.)  Pass  the  thread  in 
through  the  first  hole  (leaving  an  end  long  enough  for 
tying),  out  through  the  second  hole,  over  the  tape,  in  through 
the  third  hole,  out  through  the  fourth  hole,  over  the  second 
tape,  in  through  the  fifth  hole,  out  through  the  sixth  hole, 
over  the  third  tape,  in  through  the  seventh  hole,  and  out 
through  the  eighth  or  last  hole  of  the  signature. 

Close  this  signature  and  place  the  second  signature  on 
top  of  the  first;  then  pass  the  thread  in  through  the  eighth 
hole  of  the  second  signature,  and  out  through  the  seventh 
hole,  over  the  tape,  in  through  the  sixth  hole  and  so  on  until 


82 


BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 


the  thread  conies  out  through  the  first  hole.  Tie  the  thread 
to  the  loose  short  end  in  a  square  or  hard  knot.  Place  the 
third  signature  on  top  of  the  second  and  proceed  as  before. 
On  reaching  the  end  of  the  third  signature,  pass  the  needle 
under  the  stitch  connecting  the  first  and  second  signatures 
and  through  the  loop  formed  by  the  thread.  (See  Plate 
XLIX.)  Pull  tightly  to  form  the  "kettle  stitch"  which 
should  be  made  at  the  end  of  every  signature  hereafter. 


Plate  XLVIII.     Sewing  a  book  over  tapes. 


In  the  same  manner  any  number  of  signatures  may  thus 
be  sewed  to  form  a  book. 

For  fly-leaves,  prepare  four  single  sheets  folded  once, 
to  be  of  the  same  size  as  the  leaves  of  the  book.  Place  these 
folded  sheets  one  on  top  of  another  leaving  about  %  of  an 
inch  of  the  folded  edge  of  each  exposed,  the  upper  sheet 
being  protected  by  a  piece  of  waste  paper.  Rub  paste  over 
the  exposed  surface  of  all  four  at  the  same  time.  (See  Plate 
L.)  Remove  the  upper  sheet  and  with  its  pasted  edge 
downward  place  it  upon  the  front  signature  of  the  book,  its 
folded  edge  being  flush  with  the  folded  edges  of  the  sewed 
part,  and  the  tapes  thrown  back  out  of  the  way.  After  rub- 
bing this  sheet  well  down,  open  it  and  place  the  second  sheet 


SEWING   AND    BINDING    A    BOOK 


S3 


inside  the  first,  having  its  pasted  edge  downward  also.  See 
that  the  folds  exactly  fit,  and  rub  down  the  second  sheet. 
Turn  the  book  over  and  repeat  the  process  on  the  opposite 


Plate  XLIX.     The  neodle  is  in  position  to  form  the  "kettle  stitch." 

side.   (See  page  93-D).  Before  proceeding  farther  the  "book" 
should  be  dried  under  weight. 

Lay  the  "book"  flat  on  the  desk  and  with  a  wooden 
mallet  hammer  the  folds  at  the  back  which  will  make  the 


Plate  L.     Applying  paste  to  the  folds  of  the  fly-leaves. 

signatures  lie  close  together.  Turn  the  "book"  over  and 
repeat  the  process.  A  few  strokes  are  sufficient.  Cover  the 
back  with  paste  (or,  if  available,  hot  glue;  do  not  attempt 
cold),  and  rub  it  well  in  with  the  fingers  that  it  may  hold  the 


s-l 


BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 


a 

PAGt 

h A' 

> 

K-. 


Plate  LI.     Dimensioned  sketches  of  the  parts  of  a  book. 


SEWING    AND    BINDING    A    BOOK  85 

signatures  together  and  prevent  their  spreading.  Use  only  a 
thin,  even  coat  of  paste;  pull  the  tapes  tightly  across  the 
back,  and  paste  their  ends  to  the  outside  leaves. 

Cut  a  strip  of  "super"  a  little  shorter  than  the  length 
of  the  back,  and  wide  enough  to  extend  on  to  the  fly-leaves 
about  1  inch.  Place  this  over  the  freshly  pasted  back  and 
rub  it  well  on.  Paste  the  part  of  the  "super"  which  extends 
onto  each  side  to  the  outside  leaves  over  the  tapes.  When 
perfectly  dry  cut  off  about  two-thirds  of  the  width  of  each 
outside  leaf,  leaving  a  stub  onto  which  the  super  and  tapes 
are  already  pasted.  The  ends  of  these  stubs  should  be  slanted 
by  cutting  from  the  binding  toward  the  front  of  the  book. 

The  "case,"  which  should  be  a  trifle  longer  than  the 
"book,  "  should  be  constructed  similarly  to  the  portfolio  but 
without  tape  or  lining  paper,  and  with  but  one  strip  of  vellum 
(the  long  one)  on  the  back.  Plan  to  have  the  covers  extend 
beyond  the  front  and  ends  of  the  book  about  y%  of  an  inch; 
but  as  the  newsboard  foundations  should  set  forward  from 
the  binding  about  x±  of  an  inch.  Their  width  should 
be  a  trifle  less  than  the  width  of  the  pages.  Make  dimen- 
sioned sketches  of  all  pieces  and  lay  out  and  cut  all  parts. 
(See  Plate  LI.) 

Place  the  pieces  of  newsboard  on  each  side  of  the  "book  " 
in  the  exact  position  they  are  intended  to  occupy.  Take  a 
narrow  strip  of  paper  and  attach  its  ends  to  the  outside  of 
the  pieces  of  newsboard  (see  Plate  LI  I)  so  that  when  the 
latter  are  removed  from  the  "book"  they  will  be  attached 
to  each  other  the  correct  distance  apart;  that  is  the  space 
between  them  will  be  at  least  }  9  an  inch  greater  than  the 
thickness  of  the  book.  Place  them  on  the  vellum  and 
trace  along  the  inner  edge  of  each  after  ascertaining  that  the 
distance  between  them  is  the  same  at  both  ends.  Remove 
the  paper  which  connects  the  covers  and  paste  them  to 
the  vellum  in  the  position  already  marked  out,  but  do  not 
yet  turn  over  the  ends  of  vellum.     Cut  a  strip  of  heavy  paper 


86 


BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 


of  just  the  width  of  the  back  of  the  "book"  and  paste  in  the 
middle  of  the  piece  of  vellum,  after  which  the  ends  of  vellum 
should  be  turned  over  and  pasted  down.  Complete  the 
"case"  by  pasting  on  the  cover  paper  after  which  it  should 
be  pressed  and  dried. 

When  this  is  done  place  the  "book"  as  far  back  in 
the  "case"  as  it  is  possible  to  do  and  be  certain  that  the 


Plate  LII.     Determining  the  distance 
between  covers. 

edges  of  the  covers  are  in  alignment.  Make  tiny  pencil 
marks  at  the  front  edge  of  the  leaves  to  guide  the  placing 
of  the  "book"  after  the  paste  is  spread.  When  necessary 
lines  or  points  have  been  located  remove  the  "book"  from 
the  "case"  and  prepare  to  paste. 

Under  the  first  whole  leaf  place  a  piece  of  newspaper 
considerably  larger  than  the  "book"  to  protect  the  pages. 
Spread  paste  over  the  surface  of  this  leaf,  first  under  the 
stub  which  should  then  be  pushed  down  with  the  brush 
to  hold  it  securely  to  the  outside  leaf;  then  cover  the  out- 
side  of   the   stub   with   paste.     Place   the   "book"   in   the 


SEWING    AND    BINDING    A    BOOK 


87 


"case"  following  the  guide  lines  previously  made,  and 
press  the  covers  together  with  the  hands.  Lay  the  book 
on  the  desk  or  table  with  the  pasted  half  down.  (See 
Plate  LI  1 1.)  Open  at  the  pasted  leaf  a  very  little  way  and 
carefully  rub  the  lining  onto  the  cover,  smoothing  out  any 
wrinkles  which  may  appear.  Turn  the  book  over  and  repeat 
the  process  with  the  other  cover.  Do  not  open  wide  until 
the  book  has  been  pressed. 


Plate  LIII.     Pasting  "book"  inside  the  "cover." 

This  should  be  done  very  effectually  and  for  this 
purpose  two  boards  clamped  together  with  handscrews 
make  a  better  press  than  a  weight.  If  two  thin  pieces  of 
tin,  zinc,  or  blotting-paper  are  placed  between  the  "case" 
and  the  "book"  while  in  press  it  will  prevent  the  moisture 
from  being  absorbed  by  the  leaves,  causing  them  to  wrinkle. 

Variations 
Several  variations  of  the  "case"  are  possible. 
(A).     The  simplest  is  to  cover  the  outside  corners  with 
vellum.     If  this  is  to  be  done,  the  vellum  corners  are  to  be 


88 


BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 


applied  before  the  cover  paper.  The  width  of  the  corner- 
piece,  exclusive  of  the  laps  and  measured  on  a  line  bisecting 
the  right-angle,  should  equal  the  width  of  the  strip  of  vellum 
which  shows  at  the  back.  This  rule  holds  true  in  all  high  class 
bindings  such  asmorocco,  Levant, calf, etc.  (See  Plate  LIV.) 
By  experimenting  a  little,  a  pattern  (trapezoid)  may 
be  made  for  the  corner  pieces  by  which  to  cut  them.  (See 
Plate  LIV.)  Plan  these  pieces  to  extend  under  the  paper 
at  least  )i  of  an  inch. 


-  A^ 

1                                                         ^ 

PATTLR1N 

FOR  CORNLR 


WIDTH  Of  A  =  WIDTH   OF  B 


Plate  LIV. 


Diagram  to  illustrate  the  size  of  separate  corners,  also 
method  of  cutting  them. 


After  the  cover  paper  has  been  cut  in  rectangular  shape, 
according  to  the  original  plan,  the  two  outside  corners  should 
be  trimmed  to  allow  the  proper  amount  of  vellum  to  show. 
This  may  be  accomplished  in  one  of  two  ways.  Using  the 
same  pattern  as  for  the  vellum  corners,  fit  its  two  opposite 
non-parallel  edges  as  close  to  the  corner  as  possible  and  cut 
along  the  inside  edge  of  the  pattern.  Or,  one  may  place  the 
newsboard  on  the  paper  and  trace  around  it,  lay  off  the  size 
of  the  finished  corner  and  cut  on  the  resulting  oblique  line. 
After  the  vellum  corners  have  been  pasted  on  firmly,  place 
the  cover  paper  carefully  and  paste  it  on  as  already  des- 
cribed. 


SEWING  AND    BINDING    A    BOOK  89 

(B).  After  the  "  case  "  is  completed  in  either  of  the  two 
ways  described,  it  may  be  decorated  with  lettering  or  by  the 
application  of  other  design.  In  this  instance  the  suggestions 
given  in  connection  with  the  portfolio  should  be  followed. 

(C).  The  entire  "case"  may  be  covered  with  vellum. 
Generally  a  cloth  covering  is  not  desirable  on  a  hand-sewed 
book,  but  if  for  a  special  reason  one  is  to  be  used,  have  a  single 
piece  of  vellum  cut  large  enough  to  cover  both  back  and 
sides.  After  finding  the  correct  distance  between  the  two 
pieces  of  newsboard,  lay  them  on  the  vellum,  in  the  manner 
already  described,  trace  around  them,  and  complete  the 
"case"  by  pasting. 


Problem  XV 
SEWING  A  BOOK  ON  A  FRAME 

Time  and  Materials:     As  for  Problem  X,  except  bookbinder's  twine  is  to 
be  used  instead  of  tape. 

To  carry  out  this  problem  a  few  common  wood-working 
tools  will  be  necessary.  A  sewing  frame  may  be  made  by 
older  pupils,  a  working  drawing  for  which  is  here  given.  (See 
Plate  LV.) 

The  wooden  upright  screws  may  be  purchased.  In- 
stead of  tapes  the  book  is  to  be  sewed  on  bookbinder's  twine. 
Cut  three  pieces  6  inches  longer  than  the  distance  between 
the  upper  and  lower  bars.  Tie  one  end  of  each  securely  to 
the  upper  bar  and  slide  them  along  to  position.  (See  Plate 
LVI.)  Tie  the  other  ends  to  the  lower  bar,  pulling  them  as 
taut  as  possible. 

The  signatures  should  be  ''jogged  up"  and  carefully 
placed  in  a  vise,  back  up  and  extending  above  the  jaws  about 
half  an  inch.  It  may  be  better  (depending  on  the  shape  and 
size  of  the  vise)  to  place  the  signatures  between  two  boards, 
and  then  the  whole  in  the  vise.  On  the  back  of  one  signature 
mark  off  the  position  of  the  "kettle  stitches"  and  twine 
5  points  in  all — and,  if  T-square,  try  square  or  triangle  are 
available,  square  lines  across;  otherwise  lay  off  these  points 
on  both  outside  signatures  and  thus  insure  cuts  which  shall 
be  "square  across"  the  back.  At  each  point  saw  across  all 
signatures  with  a  back  saw,  making  a  cut  about  ys  of  an  inch 
deep.  Hold  the  saw  perfectly  horizontally,  that  the  cuts 
may  be  of  uniform  depth  on  all  signatures.  If  vise  and  saw 
are  not  available,  V-cuts  may  be  made  on  each  signature 
with  scissors  instead. 

To  sew  a  printed  book,  begin  at  the  front  with  the 
"head"  toward  the  right.     Place  the  first  signature  on  the 


SEWING    A    BOOK    ON    A    FRAME 


91 


frame  (page  1  down),  with  the  back  toward  the  operator 
and  the  three  inside  cuts  against  the  twine,  leaving  the  cuts 
at  the  ends  for  the  "  kettle  stitches. "  If  necessary,  move  the 
pieces  of  twine  along  the  bars  so  that  they  exactly  fit  the 
cuts  and  sink  into  them.  (See  Plate  LVI).  Tighten  the 
twine  by  turning  the  wooden  nuts  and  commence  to  sew. 


5ewing  Frame 

Book-  Dinding- 


o  •;;:::;;;:.  v;;;::: 


-20' 


^¥ 


Deta.il    of  Base 
^r      JL'cCiarn.  of  screw  shatrJt 

W  20- 


*S) 


r—h 


Os.*CLil    aj    Ba.r 


Plate  LV.     Working  drawing  of  sewing-frame. 


Hold  the  signature  open  with  the  left  hand,  and,  commencing 
at  the  head,  (right)  insert  the  needle  from  the  outside  through 
the  first  hole.  Bring  the  thread  out  through  the  second  hole 
on  the  right  of  the  twine,  cross  it,  and  return  the  thread 
through  the  same  hole  on  the  left  of  the  twine.  It  will  be 
seen  that  this  process  is  virtually  the  same  as  sewing  over 
tapes.  Continue  across  the  first  signature  and,  when  com- 
pleted, close  it,  lay  the  second  signature  on  top,  and,  in  the 
same  manner,  sew  across  it  from  left  to  right.     Pull  the  sew- 


92 


BOOKBINDING    FOR    BEGINNERS 


ing  threads  tightly  and  always  forward  in  the  direction  of 
the  sewing.  If  they  are  pulled  backward,  the  paper  will  be 
torn. 

After  sewing  across  the  second  signature,  tie  the  thread 
to  the  loose  end  as  in  a  book  sewed  on  tapes.  When  the  third 
signature  has  been  sewed,  make  loop  stitch  as  already  illus- 


Plate  LVI.     A  sewing-frame  in  use. 


trated,  (forming  a  part  of  the  "kettle  stitch")  and  repeat 
this  stitch  at  the  end  of  each  signature.  When  the  sewing  is 
finished,  grasp  the  book  firmly  and  slide  it  up  on  the  cords 
about  \l/2  inches;  then  cut  the  twine  from  the  frame,  leaving 
about  134  inches  projecting  beyond  the  book  on  both  sides. 
Pull  the  twine  with  both  hands  to  straighten  it.  Put  in 
fly-leaves  and  "super "  and  bind  as  before.  The  ends  of  the 
twine  should  be  frayed  out,  and,  after  the  fly-leaves  are  in, 
pasted  in  fan-shape  to  the  outside  leaf.  Put  on  the  case  as 
shown  in  Problem  XIV. 


sewing  a  book  on  a  frame  93 

Additional  Points 

(A).  The  binding  may  be  made  stronger  by  "whip- 
stitching" the  fly-leaves  after  they  are  pasted  in.  For  this 
purpose,  take  an  ordinary  sewing  needle  (about  No.  2)  and 
linen  thread  (No.  35).  Begin  at  the  right  and,  with  "over- 
and-over"  stitches  about  x/i  of  an  inch  apart,  sew  through 
the  outside  signature  and  the  fly-leaves.  A  knot  should  be 
made  at  each  end  to  fasten  the  threads.  Turn  the  book  over 
and  repeat  the  operation  on  the  opposite  side. 

(B).  If  heavy  paper  is  used  for  the  fly-leaves,  the  out- 
side leaf  should  be  torn  or  cut  off  carefully  before  putting 
on  the  case.  Leave  just  a  narrow  margin  at  the  fold  to  hold 
the  other  half  from  coming  out.  This  being  done,  there  is 
but  one  thickness  with  which  to  line  the  cover,  but  two  free 
leaves  are  left  as  before. 

(C).  Head-bands  may  be  used  on  a  book  sewed  on  a 
frame.  Cut  pieces  to  fit  across  the  back  of  the  book  and 
paste  one  at  each  end  after  the  "super"  has  been  pasted  on. 

CD).  Any  book  is  made  more  attractive  by  using 
colored  "end  papers"  or  fly-leaves.  These  may  be  of  the 
same  material  as  the  cover  or  of  contrasting  material. 
A  small  surface  pattern  worked  out  in  crayon  or  water 
color  for  this  purpose  makes  an  excellent  problem  in  applied 
design  and  at  the  same  time  adds  much  to  the  appearance 
of  the  book.  When  using  any  paper  for  fly-leaves  which 
has  a  right  and  wrong  side,  the  sheets  should  be  folded 
wrong  side  out.  Note  that  only  two  folios  of  colored  paper 
should  be  used  while  the  other  two  are  white — that  is  at 
each  end  of  the  "book"  there  will  be  one  white  folio  with 
a  colored  one  inside  it.  When  stacking  the  sheets  to  apply 
the  paste,  place  a  colored  sheet  at  the  bottom,  then  a  white 
sheet,  then  a  colored  sheet,  and  a  white  sheet  on  top. 
When  pasting  these  to  the  book,  this  brings  a  white  sheet 
first  and  a  colored  sheet  inside,  so  that  when  pasted  to  the 
"case"  one-half  forms  its  lining  and  the  other  half  is  free. 


Problem  XVI 
REBINDING  A  PAPER=COVERED  BOOK 

Time  and  Materials:     As  for  Problem  XIV  or  XV  except  the  "book." 

Signatures  for  sewing  may  be  obtained  by  taking  apart 
some  good  paper  covered  book.  Foreign  books  frequently 
come  in  this  shape,  and  are  much  less  expensive  than  in  any 
other  binding. 

Carefully  remove  the  cover  and  the  sewing  threads,  if 
any,  and  scrape  the  glue  from  the  back.  Then  proceed  with 
the  sewing  and  binding  as  already  described. 

It  may  be  desired  to  have  fly-leaves  of  lithographed  or 
lining  paper.  In  this  case  have  two  rather  heavy  sheets  of 
such  paper  folded  once  with  the  plain  side  out,  and  two 
folded  sheets  of  white  paper.  When  pasting  these  onto  the 
book,  place  a  white  sheet  first,  and  then  place  a  figured  sheet 
inside  it.  When  completed,  each  cover  will  have  a  lining 
of  figured  paper  faced  by  a  fly-leaf  of  the  same,  and  a  plain 
second  fly-leaf  next  to  the  printed  pages. 


Problem  XVII 
BINDING  NEW  PRINTED  SHEETS 

Time  and  Materials:     As  for  Problem  XIV  or  XV  except  the  "book." 

Unsewed  but  printed  signatures  may  sometimes  be 
obtained  from  a  printer  or  publisher.  Fold  and  assemble 
the  sheets,  using  great  care  to  observe  the  correct  order. 
Sew  and  bind  by  one  of  the  methods  already  given. 


Problem  XVIII 
REBINDING  AN  OLD  BOOK 

Time  and  Materials:     As  for  Problem  XIV  or  XV  except  the  "book." 

A  school  book  whose  leaves  are  still  in  good  condition, 
but  with  broken  cover  or  loose  binding,  may  often  be  pre- 
served for  much  longer  service  by  rebinding.  Sometimes 
one  has  a  worn  book  which  has  personal  value,  and  a  new 
cover  is  desired. 

First  remove  the  old  covers,  being  careful  not  to  injure 
the  leaves,  pull  out  the  sewing  threads  and  remove  glue, 
"super,"  and  fly-leaves. 

Some  repairing  may  also  be  necessary.  Torn  edges  may 
be  pasted  together  or  faced  with  gummed  tissue,  or,  if  the 
tears  are  not  to  deep,  the  edges  may  be  trimmed  off. 

Broken  places  in  the  folds  may  be  mended  if  necessary 
by  using  strips  of  paper  about  1  inch  in  width  and  as  long  as 
the  leaves.  If  many  strips  are  pasted  onto  the  folds,  the 
back  of  the  book  will  be  thick  and  bulky.  For  this  reason, 
a  thin  tough  paper  should  be  used.  Paste  the  fold  of  two 
adjoining  leaves  lengthwise  on  the  center  of  one  of  these 
strips,  so  placed  that,  however  badly  torn,  the  leaves  will 
assume  their  proper  position,  and  the  extra  piece  will  be  on 
the  outside  of  the  fold. 

Illustrations  are  usually  printed  on  a  single  sheet,  often 
of  paper  different  from  the  leaves  of  the  book.  To  insert 
these,  cover  the  back  with  a  piece  of  waste  paper,  leaving  a 
margin  along  one  edge  as  in  the  case  of  the  fly-leaf.  Cover 
this  margin  with  paste  and  insert  the  leaf  in  its  proper  place, 
pasting  it  down  to  the  adjacent  leaf.  The  illustration  should 
usually  be  on  the  right  of  the  book. 

When  all  repairing  has  been  done,  re-assemble  the  sig- 
natures and  bind  as  a  new  book. 


ORIGINAL  PROBLEMS 

A  final  test  of  the  pupil's  efficiency  lies  in  his  ability  to 
plan  and  carry  to  completion  an  original  project.  Origi- 
nality does  not  consist  in  making  an  article  never  heard  of 
before,  but  in  adapting  to  one's  specific  needs,  principles  and 
processes  already  learned  through  class  instruction. 

A  fitting  close  to  a  course  in  elementary  book-binding 
is  such  a  problem.  If  pupils  choose  to  make  articles 
such  as  the  memorandum  pad  or  the  hinged  covers  which 
have  already  been  taught,  they  should  be  accepted  as  orig- 
inal work,  provided  that  each  pupil  selects  the  size  and 
proportions  himself,  and  does  not  depend  on  the  teacher  to 
repeat  the  instruction  in  detail.  Yet  more  credit  should  be 
given  one  whose  originality  extends  further  as  in  the  case 
of  a  boy  who  made  for  his  father's  use  a  holder  for  con- 
ductor's checks,  or  the  one  who  made  a  mount  for  telephone 
numbers. 

All  articles  constructed  should  be  such  as  are  appro- 
priately made  of  the  materials  used.  Models,  such  as  are 
sometimes  made  of  cardboard,  to  be  constructed  later  of 
different  materials  should  be  excluded  from  this  course. 

It  is  by  no  means  essential  or  desirable  that  originality 
be  held  in  abeyance  until  the  end  of  the  course  but  rather, 
it  should  be  fostered  during  each  succeeding  lesson.  The 
pupils  who  work  more  rapidly  than  the  average  of  the  class 
may  always  have  on  hand  an  extra  piece  of  work  to  be  done 
when  the  regular  assignment  has  been  completed. 

The  adaptation  of  any  problem  to  a  specific  purpose 
should  always  be  considered  an  opportunity  for  the  develop- 
ment of  class  originality.  For  example,  a  principal  may  want 
several  portfolios  in  which  to  keep  a  particular  kind  of 


ORIGINAL    PROBLEMS  97 

papers;  or  a  set  of  hinged  covers  to  hold  a  "Course  of 
Study"  may  be  desired  for  each  teacher's  desk.  These 
should  be  considered  class  problems  and  worked  out  as 
such. 

It  should  be  continually  borne  in  mind  that  the  object 
of  the  course  is  the  development  of  the  child.  When  he  is 
conscious  of  the  ability  to  make  an  article  of  intrinsic  value 
a  long  step  has  been  taken.  "To  help  the  pupil  to  help 
himself"  is  the  highest  aim  of  education. 

TEAM  WORK 

Some  of  these  problems  may  be  given,  especially  in 
older  classes  as  "team  work."  The  class  may  be  divided 
into  sections  doing  specific  parts  of  the  work  under  a  fore- 
man. 

This  method  is  a  good  one  when  the  aim  is  the  output 
or  when  an  insight  into  the  construction  of  articles  in  large 
quantities  is  desired. 


AFTERWORD 

The  border-line  between  educational  handwork  and 
technical  bookbinding  has  now  been  reached,  and  it  is  not 
the  writer's  purpose  to  cross  it.  If  this  book  of  problems 
assists  others  in  solving  the  quest  for  interesting  and  educa- 
tional handwork,  its  mission  will  have  been  accomplished. 


1  RETURN       LIBRARY  SCHOOL  LIBRARY 
TO^*       2  South  Hall                                 642-2253 

LOAN  PERIOD  1 

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ALL  BOOKS  MAY  BE  RECALLED  AFTER  7  DAYS 

DUE   AS  STAMPED   BELOW 

r 

MAY  2  4  1991 

FORM  NO.  DD  18,  45m, 

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